Information Processing Flashcards
Stages of information processing
- input (selective attention)
- decision making
- output
- feedback
Input stage of info processing
Gathering info from the display using senses (5 senses and balance/kinaesthesis- Proprioreceptors) e.g no. People, location of ball, how movement feels. Gathers relevant and irrelevant info
Selective attention in input stage
Is the filtering of irrelevant info (e.g sound of crowd + weather) does this by comparing to past experiences to recognise what info is important and what isn’t
What is the importance of selective attention
- allows focus on important info
- Inc reaction times as there is less info to be processed
- if correct info processed then decision is more likely to be correct
Ways to develop selective attention
- make stimuli more intense (brighter, louder, bigger)
- train with distractions to learn to ignore irrelevant info
- slow process down so can pick up on info
- decrease no of stimuli (simpler drill)
Decision making stage of info processing
Important sensory info received — sensory info then matched with info already in memory (more mems = quicker + more likely mem is right) — uses info from mem + info from display to select an appropriate response e.g selecting type, timing, power etc of skill
Output stage of info processing
Once decision made impulses sent to muscles instructing to contract or relax for desired movement
Feedback stage of info processing
Once movement occurs info is detected about success of the movement, feedback = info used during after the response to aid movement correction, 6 types. Allows performer to update memories and adapt skill for future - impacting decision making stage when skill is repeated
Whitings model
Input data from display — receptor systems — central mechanisms (= perceptual mechanisms, translatory mechanisms, effector mechanisms) — muscular system — output data — feedback data
Perceptual mechanisms (whitings model)
A process of coding and interpreting sensory info. Sensory information is assessed and most important info is selectively attended to
Translatory mechanisms (whitings model)
Adapting + comparing coded info to memory so decisions are made. Decision is made using stm (info may need to be recalled from the ltm)
Effector mechanisms (whitings model)
The network of nerves that send coded impulses to the muscles via neural pathways. Decide how to execute skill - which muscles + what extent they contract
Output and feedback (whitings model)
The decision is carried out and the performer receives info from within and from external sources
Muscular system (whitings model)
Creates output by executing movement
What are the parts of Baddeley and Hitch’s working memory model
Central executive, phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, episodic buffer, stm + ltm
What is the role of the central executive (b + h wm model)
Has overall control over all info entering and leaving the wm, chooses important sensory info (selective attention) = process less info — faster decision making + more likely to make correct decision as processing relevant info
What is the role of the phonological loop (b+h wm model)
Deals with auditory info (call of teammate) + helps produce a memory trace to send to the long term memory
What is the role of the visuospatial sketchpad (b + h wm model)
Deals with visual + spatial info + processes info about the feel of the movement (kinaesthesis)
What is the role of the episodic buffer (b + h wm model)
Coordinates phonological loop and visuospatial sketchpad to produce an inter grated sequence of sight sound and movement which can be sent to the ltm for invitation of a motor programme (lots experiences cause sequence to be brought together in correct order = correct decision
Ltm (b + h wm model)
Stores memories and previous past experiences (positive and negative so can compare to make decision). If there are lots of memories more likely to retrieve info = Inc in reaction time + less adaptations have to be made. Use ltm to make sure have successfully selectively attended to the right info + decide exactly how to execute
How do you ensure is stored in the ltm
- Rewards - help motivate performer to want to remember correct actions
- Mental practice - imagining skill over and over again leads to it being stored in ltm
- Repetition
- Chunking - breaking task into parts to prevent overload
Reaction time
Time from onset of a stimuli to the start of the movement
Movement time
Time from start of movement to the completion of the movement
Response time
The time from the onset of the stimulus to the completion of the movement (reaction time + movement time)
