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Informatika > Informacidki sustavi > Flashcards

Informacidki sustavi Flashcards

1
Q

Što je sustav?

A

Sve što čini najmanje dva dijela koji su pritom medusobno ovisni i povezani materijalom, energijom, informacijom ili sličnom idejom.

Sustav se može definirati kao S={E, R, F}, gdje su E elementi, R struktura, a F funkcija.

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2
Q

Što predstavljaju oznake E, R i F u definiciji sustava?

A
  • E - elementi
  • R - struktura
  • F - funkcija

Ove oznake pomažu u razdvajanju komponenti sustava.

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3
Q

Što je podsustav?

A

Funkcionalna cjelina unutar sustava.

Podsustav može biti opisan kao PS = {E, R, F}, slično kao i sustav.

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4
Q

Koje su osnovne komponente sustava?

A
  • Input
  • Environment
  • Subsystem
  • Interrelationship
  • System
  • Boundary
  • Output

Ove komponente pomažu u definiranju funkcionalnosti i odnosa unutar sustava.

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5
Q

Definirajte pojam ‘interrelationship’ unutar sustava.

A

Odnos između komponenti sustava koje su međusobno povezane.

Ovi odnosi mogu uključivati protok informacija, resursa ili energije.

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6
Q

Što se podrazumijeva pod ‘boundary’ sustava?

A

Granica koja odvaja sustav od okoline.

Granice su važne za razumijevanje što je unutar sustava, a što izvan njega.

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7
Q

Ispunite prazninu: Sustav se može opisati kao S={____, R, F}.

A

E

E označava elemente sustava.

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8
Q

Da li je svaki sustav sastavljen od podsustava?

A

Da

Podsustavi su integralni dijelovi složenijih sustava.

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9
Q

What does IS stand for?

A

Information Systems

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10
Q

What is the primary focus of Information Systems?

A

Management of information

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11
Q

True or False: IS is only about technology.

A

False

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12
Q

List the key components of Information Systems.

A
  • Organizations
  • Information
  • Systems
  • Management
  • Technology
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13
Q

Fill in the blank: IS is _____ od tehnologije.

A

više

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14
Q

Što čini Informacijski sustav (IS)?

A

Skup ljudi i opreme povezanih aktivnostima

Uključuje ulaz, obradu, pohranjivanje i distribuciju podataka i informacija.

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15
Q

Koji su osnovni dijelovi Informacijskog sustava?

A

Korisnici, hardver, softver, organizacija, mreža, životni ciklus

Ovi dijelovi surađuju u prikupljanju i obradi informacija.

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16
Q

Koji je krajnji cilj Informacijskog sustava?

A

Generiranje informacija u različitim problemskim situacijama

Cilj je također raditi na različitim razinama organiziranosti objektnog sustava.

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17
Q

Što uključuje proces ulaza u Informacijski sustav?

A

Prikupljanje, obrada, pohranjivanje i distribucija podataka i informacija

Ovi procesi su ključni za funkcionalnost IS-a.

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18
Q

Koja načela treba uzeti u obzir pri radu Informacijskog sustava?

A

Temeljna ekonomska načela

Ova načela pomažu u optimizaciji resursa unutar sustava.

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19
Q

Definirajte pohranjivanje podataka u kontekstu Informacijskog sustava.

A

Proces čuvanja podataka za kasniju obradu i distribuciju

Pohranjivanje je ključno za osiguranje dostupnosti informacija.

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20
Q

True or False: Informacijski sustav se sastoji samo od hardvera.

A

False

IS uključuje i ljude, softver, organizaciju i mrežu.

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21
Q

Fill in the blank: Informacijski sustav čine ‘skup ljudi i opreme’ povezanih aktivnostima _______.

A

prikupljanja, obrade, pohranjivanja i distribucije podataka i informacija.

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22
Q

What does Poslovni Informacijski sustav (PIS) refer to?

A

Model poslovne tehnologije organizacijskog sustava

PIS je ključan za postizanje ciljeva organizacijskog sustava.

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23
Q

What are the three main stages in the processing of data within a PIS?

A
  • Input
  • Obrada
  • Output

Ove faze uključuju prikupljanje, obradu i prezentaciju informacija.

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24
Q

What is the output of a Poslovni Informacijski sustav?

A

Obrađeni i organizirani podaci

Ovi podaci se koriste za donošenje odluka unutar organizacije.

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25
Q

What is a key function of PIS?

A

Priprema informacijske podloge za donošenje poslovnih odluka

PIS pomaže menadžerima da donesu informirane odluke.

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26
Q

True or False: Every organizational system has its own informational system that supports achieving organizational goals.

A

True

Informacijski sustavi su ključni za efikasno funkcioniranje organizacija.

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27
Q

Fill in the blank: PIS je važan za _______ informacija.

A

[Dokumentiranje]

Dokumentiranje informacija je bitan aspekt upravljanja podacima.

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28
Q

What does IS stand for in a business context?

A

Information System

Refers to a coordinated system for collecting, storing, and processing data.

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29
Q

Name three types of stakeholders in a business environment.

A
  • Stockholders
  • Customers
  • Competitors

Stakeholders are individuals or groups that have an interest in the success of a business.

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30
Q

What role do regulatory agencies play in business?

A

They provide oversight and ensure compliance with laws and regulations.

Regulatory agencies can impact how businesses operate.

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31
Q

Fill in the blank: Suppliers provide _______ to a business.

A

Input

Inputs can include materials, components, or services that are necessary for production.

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32
Q

What is the primary function of processing in an information system?

A

To classify, arrange, and calculate data.

Processing transforms input data into meaningful information.

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33
Q

True or False: Feedback is an essential part of the information system.

A

True

Feedback helps organizations improve processes and decision-making.

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34
Q

What is the output of an information system?

A

The results or information generated after processing inputs.

Outputs can be reports, documents, or data analysis.

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35
Q

What are the components of the business environment?

A
  • Regulatory Agencies
  • Suppliers
  • Customers
  • Competitors

These components interact and influence how a business operates.

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36
Q

Fill in the blank: The organization must adapt to its _______ to remain competitive.

A

Environment

The environment includes all external factors affecting the organization.

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37
Q

What is the significance of classifying data in an information system?

A

It allows for better organization and retrieval of information.

Classification helps in managing large volumes of data effectively.

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38
Q

What is the primary focus of value chain analysis in business?

A

To enhance business value through efficient information management

This involves understanding how various activities contribute to the firm’s profitability and strategic position.

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39
Q

What are the key components of the value chain?

A
  • Data Collection
  • Storage
  • Transformation into Business Systems
  • Supply Chain Management
  • Dissemination
  • Business Processes
  • Planning
  • Information Processing Activities
  • Customer Knowledge Management
  • Coordinating Management
  • Controlling Management
  • Modeling and Decision Making Management Activities

Each component plays a crucial role in creating value for the business.

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40
Q

Fill in the blank: The value chain aims to improve _____ through strategic management of business processes.

A

[business value]

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41
Q

True or False: Supply Chain Management is part of the value chain.

A

True

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42
Q

What is the relationship between firm profitability and the value chain?

A

Firm profitability is enhanced by effective management of the value chain activities

This includes optimizing each component of the value chain to maximize value creation.

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43
Q

What does Customer Knowledge Management focus on within the value chain?

A

It focuses on understanding and managing customer information to improve business processes and decision making

This is crucial for tailoring services and products to meet customer needs.

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44
Q

What is the role of Planning in the value chain?

A

To align business activities with strategic objectives to maximize efficiency and effectiveness

Planning ensures that resources are allocated appropriately across the value chain.

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45
Q

Što je modeliranje?

A

Prikaz stvarnosti odredenog aspekta

Modeliranje se koristi za razumijevanje i analizu složenih sustava.

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46
Q

Koja je dilema vezana uz modeliranje?

A

Precizno griješiti ili otprilike u pravu

Ova dilema se odnosi na to koliko detaljno ili točno trebamo pristupiti modeliranju.

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47
Q

Zašto nismo stvoreni za komplicirani okoliš?

A

Jer broj i mekoća varijabli otežavaju razumijevanje složenih sustava

Ovaj koncept implicira da jednostavnost može pomoći u boljem razumijevanju.

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48
Q

Koje su domene u kontekstu modeliranja?

A

Domena učionice i domena stvarnog života

Ove domene ilustriraju razlike između teorijske i praktične primjene modela.

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49
Q

Koje su svrhe modela?

A
  • Apstrakcija
  • Aproksimacija složenog sustava
  • Namjenski
  • Sagledavanje elemenata/ međusobne ovisnosti
  • Eksperimentiranje
  • Delegiranje odluka

Ove svrhe omogućuju bolje razumijevanje i upravljanje složenim sustavima.

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50
Q

Što modeliramo u kontekstu automatskog pilota?

A

Odabrane segmente očitog i ono što znamo

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51
Q

Na kojem principu se temelji naš unutarnji računalni model?

A

Na principu Russellove kokoši i 1001 dana

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52
Q

Što znači ‘ono što vidimo nije nužno ono što jeste’?

A

Znam što vidim i vidim što znam

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53
Q

Što radimo s jasno definiranim izvorima neizvjesnosti?

A

Rudarimo po jasno definiranim izvorima neizvjesnosti

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54
Q

Koji je cilj povezivanja devet točaka?

A

Četiri prave linije

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55
Q

Fill in the blank: Naše unutarnje _______ se odnosi na automatski pilot.

A

računalo

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56
Q

True or False: Modeliranje uključuje samo ono što je očito.

A

False

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57
Q

Koje izvore neizvjesnosti lakše dosjećamo?

A

Ono kojih se lakše dosjetiti

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58
Q

What is the difference between organizacijski and informacijski sustav?

A

Organizacijski sustav focuses on the structure and processes of an organization, while informacijski sustav deals with the collection, processing, and dissemination of information.

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59
Q

Define društvo.

A

Društvo refers to a society or community of individuals who share common interests and norms.

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60
Q

What is strateško odlučivanje?

A

Strateško odlučivanje involves making long-term decisions that shape the direction and goals of an organization.

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61
Q

What does taktičko upravljanje entail?

A

Taktičko upravljanje involves short to medium-term decision-making focused on implementing strategies and managing resources effectively.

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62
Q

What is operativno izvodenje?

A

Operativno izvodenje refers to the execution of daily operations and tasks within an organization.

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63
Q

What role does konkurencija play in a market?

A

Konkurencija drives innovation, influences pricing, and affects the overall dynamics of the market.

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64
Q

Fill in the blank: Poremećaji can significantly impact _______.

A

[market stability]

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65
Q

What is meant by tržište?

A

Tržište refers to a marketplace where goods and services are exchanged between buyers and sellers.

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66
Q

What is the primary function of PIS?

A

Priprema informacijske podloge za donošenje poslovnih odluka

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67
Q

What are the properties of information?

A
  • Kvaliteta (točna, potpuna, primjerena, pravovremena)
  • Količina/kvantiteta
  • Vrijednost u vremenu
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68
Q

What are the main processes involved in PIS?

A
  • Prikupljanje podataka
  • Obrada podataka
  • Pohrana podataka
  • Ispostavljanje informacija
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69
Q

Fill in the blank: The value of information is considered a _______.

A

[vremenski promjenjiva veličina]

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70
Q

What area does PIS cover in terms of forecasting?

A

[područje predviđanja]

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71
Q

What area does PIS relate to in real time?

A

[područje realnog (stvarnog) vremena]

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72
Q

What area does PIS address regarding obsolescence?

A

[područje zastarijevanja]

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73
Q

What are the stages of the life cycle of an information system?

A
  1. Inicijalizacija
  2. Ekspanzija
  3. Konsolidacija
  4. Zrelost

These stages represent the phases through which an information system evolves.

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74
Q

What does ‘kvalitete’ refer to in the context of an information system?

A

Mjerilo A

‘Kvalitete’ translates to ‘quality’ and relates to the standards or criteria used to evaluate the information system.

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75
Q

What is the term for the beginning stage of an information system’s life cycle?

A

Inicijalizacija

‘Inicijalizacija’ means initialization, which is the first stage where the system is set up.

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76
Q

In the life cycle of an information system, what follows the ‘inicijalizacija’ stage?

A

Ekspanzija

‘Ekspanzija’ refers to the expansion stage where the system is developed further.

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77
Q

Fill in the blank: The stage of an information system where it becomes stable is called _______.

A

Konsolidacija

‘Konsolidacija’ translates to consolidation, indicating a phase of stabilization.

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78
Q

What is the final stage of the life cycle of an information system?

A

Zrelost

‘Zrelost’ means maturity, the stage where the system is fully developed and operational.

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79
Q

True or False: ‘Infleksija’ is a stage in the life cycle of an information system.

A

False

‘Infleksija’ translates to ‘inflection’ and does not represent a stage in the life cycle.

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80
Q

What key concept is associated with measuring the quality of an information system?

A

Mjerilo A

‘Mjerilo A’ is a specific standard or metric used to assess the quality of the system.

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81
Q

What does the term ‘vrijeme’ imply in the context of the information system life cycle?

A

Time

‘Vrijeme’ translates to ‘time’, indicating the duration and timing aspects of the life cycle.

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82
Q

What are the main phases of the life cycle of an Information System (IS)?

A

The main phases are:
* Inicijalizacija
* Ekspanzija
* Konsolidacija
* Zrelost

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83
Q

Fill in the blank: The first phase of the life cycle of an IS is called _______.

A

[Inicijalizacija]

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84
Q

What is the last phase of the life cycle of an Information System?

A

Zrelost

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85
Q

Define ‘infleksija’ in the context of the IS life cycle.

A

Infleksija refers to a point of significant change or transition in the life cycle.

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86
Q

What does ‘mjerilo A’ refer to in the context of the IS life cycle?

A

Mjerilo A refers to a measure of quality within the life cycle.

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87
Q

What is meant by ‘vrijeme’ in relation to the life cycle of an IS?

A

Vrijeme refers to the duration and timing of each phase in the life cycle.

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88
Q

True or False: The IS life cycle includes only three phases.

A

False

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89
Q

Što je PIS?

A

Mjesto PIS-a

PIS se odnosi na Poslovni Informacijski Sustav.

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90
Q

Što obuhvaća informacijski sustav?

A

Informacijski sustav obuhvaća tehnologiju, ljude i procese za prikupljanje, obradu, pohranu i distribuciju informacija.

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91
Q

Definirajte informacijski tok.

A

Informacijski tok je kretanje podataka unutar sustava.

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92
Q

Što podrazumijeva upravljanje poslovnim sustavom?

A

Upravljanje poslovnim sustavom uključuje planiranje, organiziranje, vođenje i kontrolu poslovnih aktivnosti.

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93
Q

Što je izvođenje poslovnog procesa?

A

Izvođenje poslovnog procesa je niz aktivnosti koje se provode za postizanje određenog cilja unutar organizacije.

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94
Q

Što je upravljački tok?

A

Upravljački tok je proces donošenja odluka i upravljanja resursima unutar organizacije.

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95
Q

Definirajte materijalni tok.

A

Materijalni tok je fizičko kretanje materijala i proizvoda unutar poslovnog sustava.

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96
Q

What is the primary purpose of an Information System (IS)?

A

To provide a business system with the information necessary for conducting business processes.

This includes managing business processes and establishing communication within the system and with the environment.

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97
Q

What are the characteristics that information must possess according to Mesarić (2012)?

A
  • Accuracy
  • Timeliness
  • Completeness
  • Reliability

These characteristics ensure that information is useful for decision-making.

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98
Q

Fill in the blank: Information must be _______ to be free from errors.

A

[Accuracy]

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99
Q

Fill in the blank: Information must be delivered in a timely manner, referred to as _______.

A

[Timeliness]

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100
Q

Fill in the blank: Information must be _______ to be considered whole and not partial.

A

[Completeness]

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101
Q

Fill in the blank: Information must have a non-contradictory significance for the decision-maker, known as _______.

A

[Reliability]

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102
Q

True or False: Information can be considered reliable if it contains contradictory meanings.

A

False

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103
Q

Što su funkcionalni informacijski sustavi?

A

Sustavi koji se dijele prema specifičnim funkcijama unutar organizacije

Primjeri uključuju računovodstveni, financijski, marketing, upravljanje ljudskim resursima i proizvodni informacijski sustav.

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104
Q

Koji su primjeri funkcionalnih informacijskih sustava?

A
  • Računovodstveni IS (RIS)
  • Financijski IS (FIS)
  • Marketing IS (MIS)
  • IS upravljanja ljudskim resursima (HRIS)
  • Proizvodni IS (PiS)

Ovi sustavi služe specifičnim potrebama različitih odjela unutar organizacije.

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105
Q

Koje su glavne kategorije informacijskih sustava prema podršci?

A
  • Transakcijski IS
  • Management IS (MIS)
  • Sustavi za potporu odlučivanju (DSS)
  • Izvršni IS (EIS)
  • Ekspertni sustavi (ES)

Ove kategorije pomažu u različitim aspektima upravljanja i donošenja odluka.

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106
Q

Koji informacijski sustav se koristi za podršku donošenju odluka?

A

Sustavi za potporu odlučivanju (DSS)

DSS pomažu menadžerima u analizi podataka i donošenju informiranih odluka.

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107
Q

Što je izvršni informacijski sustav (EIS)?

A

Sustav koji pomaže višem menadžmentu u donošenju strateških odluka

EIS pruža sažetke i analize ključnih informacija.

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108
Q

Koji informacijski sustav se koristi za obradu svakodnevnih transakcija?

A

Transakcijski IS

Ovi sustavi omogućuju efikasno upravljanje poslovnim transakcijama.

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109
Q

Što je expertni sustav (ES)?

A

Sustav koji koristi znanje stručnjaka za rješavanje problema u specifičnim područjima

ES često simulira ljudsku ekspertizu.

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110
Q

What are examples of business processes in Accounting Information Systems?

A

Ratio Analysis, Financial Forecasting, Payroll Processing

These processes help in managing financial data and ensuring accurate reporting.

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111
Q

What is a key function of Financial Information Systems?

A

Portfolio Management

This function involves managing investments and financial assets.

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112
Q

What does Human Resource Information Systems include?

A

Personnel Forecasting, Compensation Analysis, Employee Skill Inventory

These areas focus on managing employee data and forecasting staffing needs.

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113
Q

Fill in the blank: _______ is a process in Marketing Information Systems.

A

Order Processing

Order processing is essential for managing sales and customer orders.

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114
Q

What is a function of Operational Information Systems?

A

Cash Management, Inventory Management, Pricing and Sales Analysis

These functions are crucial for day-to-day operational efficiency.

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115
Q

True or False: Manufacturing Resource Planning is part of both Marketing and Operational Information Systems.

A

False

Manufacturing Resource Planning primarily falls under Operational Information Systems.

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116
Q

What type of analysis is included in Financial Information Systems?

A

Ratio Analysis

Ratio analysis is used to evaluate financial performance and stability.

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117
Q

Fill in the blank: _______ is a process involved in resource allocation within Human Resource Information Systems.

A

Advertising and Promotion Planning

This process helps in strategizing marketing efforts for recruitment.

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118
Q

What is the role of Sales Force Automation in Marketing Information Systems?

A

It streamlines sales processes and enhances productivity

Sales Force Automation tools help manage customer relationships and sales data.

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119
Q

What does Manufacturing Resource Utilization focus on?

A

Optimizing production processes and resource allocation

This is essential for improving efficiency in manufacturing.

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120
Q

What is the first step in the value chain according to Valacich and Schneider?

A

Inbound Logistics

This includes the processes related to receiving, storing, and disseminating inputs.

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121
Q

What role does Computer-Aided Manufacturing Systems play in the value chain?

A

It supports operations by automating manufacturing processes.

This enhances efficiency and accuracy in production.

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122
Q

What is the purpose of the Employee Self-Service Portal?

A

To allow employees to manage their own HR-related tasks.

This can include accessing pay stubs, benefits, and personal information.

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123
Q

Fill in the blank: The _______ includes the processes involved in getting products to customers.

A

Outbound Logistics

This encompasses activities such as warehousing and transportation.

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124
Q

What does the Sales and Marketing component focus on in the value chain?

A

Promoting and selling products or services.

This includes advertising, sales strategy, and market research.

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125
Q

What is the key focus of Product R&D, Technology, and Systems Development?

A

Innovation and development of new products or improvements.

This is essential for maintaining competitive advantage.

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126
Q

True or False: General Administration is a primary activity in the value chain.

A

False

It is considered a support activity rather than a primary activity.

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127
Q

What is the function of the Customer Service Response System?

A

To address customer inquiries and issues effectively.

This system enhances customer satisfaction and retention.

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128
Q

Define the role of Computer-Aided Design Systems within the value chain.

A

To assist in designing products and systems.

This technology improves design accuracy and efficiency.

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129
Q

What is the significance of Financial Decision Support Systems?

A

To aid in making informed financial decisions.

These systems provide data analysis and forecasting tools.

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130
Q

List the main components identified in the value chain model.

A
  • Inbound Logistics
  • Operations
  • Outbound Logistics
  • Sales and Marketing
  • Customer Service
  • Support Activities

Support activities include HR management, technology development, and procurement.

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131
Q

What is the first layer of the PIS?

A

IZVRŠNI SLOJ

This refers to the executive layer in a PIS (Poslovni informacijski sustav).

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132
Q

What system is responsible for processing transactions in a PIS?

A

SUSTAV ZA OBRADU TRANSAKCIJA

This system handles the execution and management of transactions.

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133
Q

What does PIS stand for?

A

Poslovni informacijski sustav

PIS translates to Business Information System.

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134
Q

What is the purpose of the UPRAVLJAČKI SLOJ in a PIS?

A

SUSTAV ZA POTPORU UPRAVLJANJU T ODLUČIVAŅJU

This layer supports management decision-making processes.

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135
Q

What is the function of the SURADNIČKI SLOJ in a PIS?

A

SUSTAV ZA KOMUNIKACIJU I SURADNJU

This layer facilitates communication and collaboration.

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136
Q

What is the main characteristic of batch data processing?

A

Matične datoteke se ažuriraju povremeno. Podaci se prikupljaju i zatim se povremeno obrađuju.

Postoji određeni vremenski razmak između pojave nekog podatka i njegove obrade.

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137
Q

What is the main characteristic of online data processing?

A

Matične datoteke se ažuriraju odmah nakon što su podaci prikupljeni.

Ovaj način omogućava trenutnu obradu podataka.

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138
Q

What determines which data processing method is better?

A

Ovisi o potrebama za obradom i distribucijom podataka i informacija te mogućnostima prikupljanja podataka u organizaciji.

Različite situacije zahtijevaju različite pristupe obradi podataka.

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139
Q

Fill in the blank: Batch obrada podataka znači da se matične datoteke ažuriraju _______.

A

povremeno

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140
Q

True or False: Online obrada podataka omogućava trenutnu obradu podataka.

A

True

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141
Q

What is a transaction in the context of a database?

A

A unit of work with data in a database that must be completed in full or not at all.

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142
Q

What does ACID stand for in database transactions?

A

Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability.

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143
Q

Define Atomicity in relation to transactions.

A

Transactions are all or nothing.

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144
Q

What does Consistency ensure in a transaction?

A

Only valid data is saved.

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145
Q

Explain Isolation in the context of transactions.

A

Transactions do not affect each other.

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146
Q

What is meant by Durability in database transactions?

A

Written data will not be lost.

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147
Q

What are the main functions of a Transactional System?

A

Executes transactions, records them, creates documentation, and reports on business status.

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148
Q

Fill in the blank: A transaction must be completed as a _______.

A

whole.

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149
Q

True or False: The effects of a transaction can be lost.

A

False.

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150
Q

Što predstavlja transakcijski IS za računovodstvo?

A

Sustav koji upravlja financijskim transakcijama

Transakcijski informacijski sustavi (IS) su ključni za praćenje i obradu financijskih informacija.

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151
Q

Koje su glavne komponente transakcijskog IS-a?

A
  • Kupci
  • Dobavljači
  • Računovodstvo
  • Financijsko knjigovodstvo
  • Robno knjigovodstvo
  • Dnevnik i glavna knjiga
  • Plaće

Ove komponente omogućuju praćenje i upravljanje različitim aspektima poslovanja.

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152
Q

Što obuhvaća financijsko knjigovodstvo?

A

Evidentiranje i izvještavanje o financijskim transakcijama

Financijsko knjigovodstvo fokusira se na pripremu financijskih izvještaja koji odražavaju stanje poslovanja.

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153
Q

Definirajte robno knjigovodstvo.

A

Sustav za praćenje zaliha i transakcija vezanih uz robu

Robno knjigovodstvo pomaže u upravljanju zalihama i prodajnim aktivnostima.

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154
Q

Što su dnevnik i glavna knjiga?

A

Temeljni alati za evidentiranje financijskih transakcija

Dnevnik sadrži sve transakcije redoslijedom, dok glavna knjiga organizira te transakcije prema računima.

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155
Q

Koja je uloga plaća u računovodstvu?

A

Evidentiranje i obračunavanje isplata zaposlenicima

Plaće su ključne za upravljanje troškovima rada unutar poslovanja.

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156
Q

What are the two types of information categorized as external?

A

Strateške informacije and Taktičke informacije

Strateške informacije are future-oriented, while Taktičke informacije are mainly internal.

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157
Q

What is the primary focus of strateške informacije?

A

Future orientation

Strateške informacije are aimed at guiding the organization towards future goals.

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158
Q

What type of information is primarily internal and focuses on daily operations?

A

Operativne informacije

Operativne informacije are used for day-to-day management.

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159
Q

What kind of information is described as primarily internal and typically related to weekly and monthly activities?

A

Taktičke informacije

These are used for planning and coordination within the organization.

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160
Q

Fill in the blank: _______ informacije are mainly internal and focus on daily operations.

A

Operativne

Operativne informacije are crucial for managing everyday tasks.

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161
Q

True or False: Strateške informacije are mainly focused on internal data.

A

False

Strateške informacije are future-oriented and can include external factors as well.

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162
Q

What are the three types of management mentioned?

A
  • Strategic management
  • Tactical management
  • Operations management

These categories represent different levels of management within an organization.

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163
Q

What type of decisions are characterized as unstructured?

A

Decisions that are undefined, external, summarized, and infrequent

Unstructured decisions often involve complex scenarios with no clear guidelines.

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164
Q

What type of decisions are characterized as structured?

A

Decisions that are well defined, internal, detailed, historical, and frequent

Structured decisions typically follow established protocols or procedures.

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165
Q

What are the information requirements for unstructured decisions?

A

Undefined, external, summarized, future, infrequent, accuracy

These requirements highlight the need for flexibility in handling unstructured decision-making.

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166
Q

What are the information requirements for structured decisions?

A

Well defined, internal, detailed, historical, frequent

These requirements indicate a need for consistency and reliability in structured decision-making.

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167
Q

Fill in the blank: Strategic management, Tactical management, and _______ management.

A

Operations

Operations management focuses on the day-to-day activities within an organization.

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168
Q

True or False: Structured decisions are typically made based on historical data.

A

True

Structured decisions rely on established data and trends.

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169
Q

Što su upravljački zahtjevi u IS-U?

A

Upravljački zahtjevi u IS-U uključuju informacije za specifične potrebe menadžmenta.

Ovi zahtjevi omogućuju donošenje informiranih odluka.

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170
Q

Koje vrste izvješća su uključene u operacije?

A
  • Detaljna izvješća
  • Zbrojna izvješća
  • Fiksni format / periodična izvješća

Ova izvješća pomažu u analizi performansi i donošenju odluka.

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171
Q

Koje vrste odluka su uključene u nestrukturirane odluke?

A

Nestrukturirane odluke uključuju ad-hoc upite i odluke koje zahtijevaju analizu specifičnih situacija.

Ove odluke često zahtijevaju kreativno razmišljanje.

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172
Q

Koje vrste odluka su povezane sa strukturiranim odlukama?

A

Strukturirane odluke koriste podatke iz okoline i interne podatke.

Ove odluke su obično rutinske i mogu se lako automatizirati.

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173
Q

Što znači EIS?

A

EIS označava Executive Information System.

Ovaj sustav pomaže menadžerima u bržem donošenju odluka pružajući ključne informacije.

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174
Q

Što je DSS?

A

DSS označava Decision Support System.

Ovaj sustav koristi podatke za podršku procesu donošenja odluka.

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175
Q

Što predstavlja MIS?

A

MIS označava Management Information System.

Ovaj sustav prikuplja, obrađuje i distribuira informacije menadžmentu.

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176
Q

Što su TPS?

A

TPS označava Transaction Processing Systems.

Ovi sustavi upravljaju transakcijama unutar organizacije.

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177
Q

Što znači ES?

A

ES označava Expert System.

Ovi sustavi koriste umjetnu inteligenciju za rješavanje specifičnih problema.

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178
Q

What are the three levels of information requirements for users?

A

Executive Level, Managerial Level, Operational Level

These levels represent different tiers of decision-making and information needs within an organization.

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Perfectly
179
Q

Who typically occupies the Operational Level in an organization?

A

Foremen and Supervisors

These individuals are responsible for overseeing day-to-day operations and ensuring that tasks are completed efficiently.

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180
Q

What is the primary goal of automating routine and repetitive activities?

A

Improve Organizational Efficiency

Automation helps streamline processes, reduce errors, and free up human resources for more complex tasks.

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181
Q

Fill in the blank: The Operational Level focuses on _______ and Supervisors.

A

[Foremen]

Foremen and Supervisors play a critical role in managing operational tasks and staff.

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182
Q

What is the ‘What’ in the context of information requirements for users?

A

Automate Routine and Repetitive Activities and Events

This refers to the specific actions and processes that need to be streamlined through automation.

183
Q

True or False: The primary reason for automating tasks is to increase the manual workload on employees.

A

False

The aim of automation is to reduce manual tasks and enhance productivity.

184
Q

What are the three levels of management?

A

Executive Level, Managerial Level, Operational Level

These levels categorize managers based on their roles and responsibilities within an organization.

185
Q

Who typically occupies the Executive Level?

A

Top executives like CEOs and other senior leaders

Executive managers are responsible for overall strategic direction.

186
Q

Who are the Midieval Managers and Functional Managers?

A

They are typically found at the Managerial Level

These managers focus on implementing organizational strategies and managing teams.

187
Q

What is the primary function of managers at the Operational Level?

A

Automate the Monitoring and Controlling of Operational Activities

Operational managers ensure day-to-day activities run smoothly and efficiently.

188
Q

What is the main purpose of improving organizational effectiveness?

A

To enhance overall performance and success of the organization

Organizational effectiveness is crucial for achieving strategic goals.

189
Q

Fill in the blank: The primary goal of managers is to improve organizational _______.

A

effectiveness

This involves optimizing resources and processes.

190
Q

What are the three levels of management?

A

Executive Level, Managerial Level, Operational Level

These levels represent different tiers of management within an organization.

191
Q

Who are responsible for the Executive Level?

A

Executive-Level Managers

They typically include top-level management such as CEOs and Presidents.

192
Q

What do Executive-Level Managers aggregate?

A

Summaries of Past Organizational Data and Projections of the Future

This data helps in strategic decision-making.

193
Q

Why do Executive-Level Managers aggregate data?

A

To Improve Organizational Strategy and Planning

This process helps in aligning resources with organizational goals.

194
Q

What does MIS stand for?

A

Management Information System

MIS refers to a system used to manage and process information within an organization.

195
Q

What is the primary function of management in MIS?

A

To support decision-making and organizational management

Management utilizes MIS to analyze data and improve strategic decisions.

196
Q

Name two key components of MIS.

A
  • Data processing
  • Information generation

These components help in transforming raw data into useful information for management.

197
Q

What role does production play in MIS?

A

Facilitating the creation of goods and services

Production management involves planning, organizing, directing, and controlling the production process.

198
Q

What is the purpose of corporate databases in MIS?

A

To store, retrieve, and manage organizational data

Corporate databases are essential for effective data management and analysis.

199
Q

Which department is responsible for financial reporting within MIS?

A

Accounting

Accounting provides critical financial information necessary for decision-making.

200
Q

What does R&D stand for in the context of MIS?

A

Research and Development

R&D is focused on innovation and improving products or services.

201
Q

Fill in the blank: The _______ department is responsible for managing the workforce within an organization.

A

Human Resources

Human Resources focuses on recruitment, training, and employee management.

202
Q

What is the significance of marketing in MIS?

A

To analyze market trends and consumer behavior

Marketing plays a key role in understanding customer needs and promoting products effectively.

203
Q

True or False: MIS is only relevant for large corporations.

A

False

MIS is applicable to organizations of all sizes, enhancing efficiency and decision-making.

204
Q

Što je operativno upravljanje?

A

Vodenje i nadgledanje osnovnih poslovnih procesa

Uključuje kako se procesi obavljaju.

205
Q

Koja je svrha izvještaja o stanju zaliha?

A

Pokazuje treba li obnoviti zalihe

206
Q

Što označava pojam ‘takticko upravljanje’?

A

Praćenje skupine poslovnih procesa

Fokusira se na unapređenje procesa.

207
Q

Kako se analizira pad prodaje?

A

Analiza prodaje proizvoda po mjesecima

Analiziraju se mogući uzroci i traže rješenja problema.

208
Q

Što je polustrukturirano izvještavanje?

A

Temeljen na umješnosti

209
Q

Koje su komponente sustava za potporu upravljanju?

A
  • Skladište podataka
  • Analitička obrada
  • Poslovna inteligencija
  • Poslovne analitike
210
Q

Što označava kvaliteta podataka?

A

Ažurnost podataka u skladištu podataka

211
Q

Što podrazumijeva strateško upravljanje?

A

Donšenje strateških odluka

Uključuje koje nove procese uvesti.

212
Q

Što je rudarenje podataka?

A

Analizirano ponašanje kupaca daje uvid u pravila ponašanja

213
Q

Koji su izazovi dubinskih analiza podataka?

A
  • Nepoznavanje metoda dubinske analize
  • Teškoće u interpretaciji rezultata
214
Q

Što predstavlja nestrukturirano izvještavanje?

A

Temeljen na znanju

215
Q

Što je dubinska analiza?

A

Kompleksne analize

216
Q

Što se analizira u sustavu za potporu upravljanju?

A
  • Rudarenje podataka
  • Planiranje
  • Predviđanje
  • Budžetiranje
217
Q

U čemu se može primijetiti bogatstvo podataka?

A

Premalo informacija

218
Q

Što znači ‘izvještajni dio transakcijskog sustava’?

A

Integriranost podataka

219
Q

Što je jednostavna analiza?

A

Dinamičko izvještavanje

220
Q

What does DSS stand for?

A

Decision Support System

DSS refers to systems designed to assist in decision-making processes.

221
Q

What are the two types of data used in a Decision Support System?

A

External data and Internal data

External data comes from outside the organization, while internal data is generated from within.

222
Q

What type of data is referred to as ‘osobni podaci’?

A

Personal data

This type of data pertains to individual-specific information.

223
Q

What is the role of a DSS database?

A

To manage and store data for decision support

A DSS database is crucial for organizing the data needed for analysis.

224
Q

What is a ‘sustav za uprav. bazom podataka’?

A

Database Management System

This system is used to manage and organize databases.

225
Q

What does ‘sustav za uprav. bazom mądela’ refer to?

A

Model Management System

This system manages models used in decision support.

226
Q

What is the purpose of financial models within a DSS?

A

To analyze financial data and support financial decision-making

Financial models help in forecasting and budgeting.

227
Q

What are strategic models used for in a DSS?

A

To support long-term planning and strategy development

Strategic models help organizations align resources with goals.

228
Q

Fill in the blank: Models that simulate different scenarios are called _______.

A

Simulation models

These models help in understanding potential outcomes based on varying inputs.

229
Q

What type of models focus on finding the best solution from a set of options?

A

Optimization models

Optimization models are vital for resource allocation and operational efficiency.

230
Q

What is the purpose of forecasting models in a DSS?

A

To predict future trends and outcomes

Forecasting models are essential for planning and risk management.

231
Q

What function does ‘generiranje dijaloga’ serve in a DSS?

A

Dialogue generation

This function facilitates interaction between the user and the system.

232
Q

Who is the primary user of a Decision Support System?

A

The decision-maker or user

Users rely on DSS for informed decision-making.

233
Q

What is a Decision Support System?

A

A computer-based system that supports decision-making activities.

234
Q

What are the main components of a Decision Support System?

A

Data, models, and user interface.

235
Q

Fill in the blank: Decision Support Systems involve _______ of data and models.

A

[interactive processing]

236
Q

What are some examples of Decision Support System applications?

A
  • Simulations
  • Optimization
  • Forecasting
237
Q

What types of output can a Decision Support System generate?

A
  • Graphical Reports
  • Textual Reports
  • Feedback to System Operator
238
Q

What is the purpose of interactive processing in Decision Support Systems?

A

To allow users to manipulate data and models in real-time.

239
Q

What is the role of models in Decision Support Systems?

A

To provide a framework for analyzing data and supporting decision-making.

240
Q

Who are the authors of the referenced material on Decision Support Systems?

A

Valacich, J. & Schneider, C.

241
Q

True or False: Decision Support Systems only focus on data entry.

A

False

242
Q

What are common DSS models for corporate level?

A

Corporate planning, venture analysis, mergers and acquisitions

These models help organizations strategize and evaluate potential business opportunities.

243
Q

List common DSS models used in accounting.

A
  • Cost analysis
  • Discriminant analysis
  • Breakeven analysis
  • Auditing
  • Tax computation and analysis
  • Depreciation methods
  • Budgeting

These models assist in financial reporting and compliance.

244
Q

What DSS models are typically used in finance?

A
  • Discounted cash flow analysis
  • Return on investment
  • Buy or lease
  • Capital budgeting
  • Bond refinancing
  • Stock portfolio management
  • Compound interest
  • After-tax yield
  • Foreign exchange

These models aid in financial decision-making and investment strategies.

245
Q

What is a common DSS model used in marketing?

A

Product demand forecast

This model helps assess market needs and plan production accordingly.

246
Q

Fill in the blank: A common DSS model for human resources is _______.

A

[Labor negotiations]

This model is crucial for managing employee relations and compensation.

247
Q

What are some DSS models associated with production?

A
  • Product design
  • Production scheduling
  • Transportation analysis
  • Product mix
  • Inventory levels
  • Quality control
  • Plant location
  • Material allocation
  • Maintenance analysis
  • Machine replacement
  • Job assignment
  • Material requirements planning

These models optimize resource use and enhance operational efficiency.

248
Q

Which DSS models are used in management science?

A
  • Linear programming
  • Decision trees
  • Simulation
  • Project evaluation and planning
  • Queuing
  • Dynamic programming
  • Network analysis

These models facilitate complex decision-making processes.

249
Q

What are common DSS models for statistics?

A
  • Regression and correlation analysis
  • Exponential smoothing
  • Sampling
  • Time-series analysis
  • Hypothesis testing

These models are essential for analyzing data and making predictions.

250
Q

What are the four types of analytics mentioned?

A

Prescriptive, Descriptive, Cognitive, Predictive

These analytics types represent different approaches to data analysis and decision-making.

251
Q

What does prescriptive analytics suggest?

A

Sugerira pravac djelovanja

Prescriptive analytics advises on possible actions to take based on data analysis.

252
Q

What is the focus of descriptive analytics?

A

Opis povijesnih podataka

Descriptive analytics aims to describe historical data and understand past events.

253
Q

What is a key function of cognitive analytics?

A

Učenje i zaključivanje

Cognitive analytics involves learning from data and making conclusions based on it.

254
Q

What does predictive analytics do?

A

Predviđanje mogućih akcija i djelovanja

Predictive analytics forecasts potential future actions and outcomes based on historical data.

255
Q

Fill in the blank: The process of statistical analysis and data mining is primarily used for _______.

A

Predviđanje mogućih akcija i djelovanja

256
Q

What is the purpose of decision models?

A

Sugerira pravac djelovanja

Decision models help guide actions based on data-driven insights.

257
Q

What does the question ‘Što se može dogoditi?’ relate to in analytics?

A

Predictive analytics

This question addresses the forecasting capabilities of predictive analytics.

258
Q

What does the phrase ‘Kako da se željeno dogodi?’ imply in the context of analytics?

A

Prescriptive analytics

This phrase relates to determining how to achieve desired outcomes through data analysis.

259
Q

What role does artificial intelligence play in analytics?

A

Proaktivno djelovanje

AI enhances analytics by enabling proactive actions based on predictive insights.

260
Q

What is the significance of visualization in reporting?

A

Izvješćai vizualizacija

Visualization in reporting helps in understanding and interpreting historical data effectively.

261
Q

What does the term ‘interakcija’ refer to in the context of analytics?

A

Interaction

Interaction refers to the engagement between users and analytics systems for better insights.

262
Q

True or False: Descriptive analytics focuses on predicting future events.

A

False

Descriptive analytics is concerned with analyzing past data, not predicting future events.

263
Q

What is the first step in the data processing hierarchy?

A

Raw Data

264
Q

What comes after Raw Data in the data processing hierarchy?

A

Cleaned Data

265
Q

What type of reports provides a summary of data?

A

Standard Reports

266
Q

What reports are created for specific queries and analysis?

A

Ad-Hoc Reports & OLAP

267
Q

What type of analytics answers the question ‘What happened?’

A

Generic Analytics

268
Q

What type of analytics aims to understand ‘Why did it happen?’

A

Reactive enterprise

269
Q

What type of analytics predicts future outcomes?

A

Predictive Analytics

270
Q

What type of analytics seeks to answer ‘What will happen?’

A

Advance Analytics

271
Q

What is the term for the process of improving business performance?

A

Business Optimization

272
Q

What is the goal of an Information Driven Enterprise?

A

To leverage data for decision making

273
Q

What characterizes a Proactive enterprise?

A

Anticipating future challenges and opportunities

274
Q

Fill in the blank: The concept of _______ maturity refers to the progression in analytics capabilities.

A

Analytics

275
Q

What is the best that could happen in an analytics context?

A

Business Optimization

276
Q

What is the full form of ElS?

A

Executive information systems

ElS is a system designed to provide top managers with easy access to internal and external information relevant to their strategic goals.

277
Q

What are the main features of executive information systems?

A

Reporting, queries, analytical modeling

These features help managers to interpret data and make informed decisions.

278
Q

Who is the intended user of executive information systems?

A

Top managers

ElS is tailored specifically for the needs of top-level management.

279
Q

What does the user interface of executive information systems aim for?

A

Simplicity

A simple interface is crucial for enabling quick access to information.

280
Q

The type of executive information system depends on what?

A

The needs of the managers

Different managers may require different types of information and functionality.

281
Q

Fill in the blank: Executive information systems are designed for _______.

A

top managers

282
Q

True or False: Executive information systems provide complex interfaces for users.

A

False

The systems are designed with a focus on simplicity for ease of use.

283
Q

What is an example of a performance metric that might be tracked in an executive information system?

A

Revenue YTD

YTD stands for Year To Date, indicating the revenue generated from the beginning of the year to the present date.

284
Q

What does ‘EReigle- Revenue YTD’ indicate?

A

$20.0M

This figure represents the revenue generated year to date for a specific entity, in this case, EReigle.

285
Q

What is the significance of ‘NonPaid Revenue Per Country Past 365 Days’?

A

It indicates revenue generated without direct payment over the past year

This metric helps in understanding the market performance in different regions.

286
Q

How is the performance of ‘Eple- 0ookings by Country’ presented?

A

$32.2M

This figure reflects the total bookings made by the Eple entity in a specific country.

287
Q

What does the term ‘Service Level’ refer to in the context of executive information systems?

A

A measure of performance against established standards

For example, ‘Eple 75a0 Service Level today’ indicates the current performance level.

288
Q

What are the components of Information Systems (IS)?

A

Sustav za komunikaciju, suradnju i individualni rad, IS Proizv odnje, IS Računovod, Inteligentne metode odlučivanja, Modeli odlučivanja, Sinteza informacija iz transakcijskog IS-a, IS Financija, IS Marketinga, IS nabave, IS Prodaje, Inteligentni sustav za potporu odlučivanju, Upravljački IS, Uredski IS, Transakcijski (operativni) IS-i

These components represent various aspects and functionalities within Information Systems.

289
Q

What is an example of an Intelligent System in Information Systems?

A

Inteligentni sustav za potporu odlučivanju

This system aids in decision-making processes through intelligent methods.

290
Q

What type of Information System is used for operational purposes?

A

Transakcijski (operativni) IS-i

These systems handle day-to-day operations and transactions.

291
Q

Fill in the blank: IS _______ is focused on financial transactions.

A

Financija

This refers to the Information System dedicated to managing and processing financial information.

292
Q

True or False: IS Marketinga is a type of Information System that deals with marketing activities.

A

True

This system supports marketing functions and decision-making.

293
Q

What role do Intelligent Decision-Making Methods play in Information Systems?

A

They help in improving decision-making processes.

These methods utilize data analysis and algorithms to enhance the quality of decisions.

294
Q

What are the types of IS mentioned related to communication and collaboration?

A

Sustav za komunikaciju, suradnju i individualni rad

These systems facilitate teamwork and individual tasks within an organization.

295
Q

What is the purpose of the Upravljački IS?

A

To support management functions and decision-making

This system aids in strategic planning and resource management.

296
Q

Fill in the blank: IS _______ deals with supply chain activities.

A

nabave

This system focuses on procurement and inventory management.

297
Q

What is the significance of Sinteza informacija iz transakcijskog IS-a?

A

It synthesizes information from transactional systems for analysis

This process is crucial for generating insights and reports.

298
Q

List some types of Information Systems mentioned.

A
  • IS Proizv odnje
  • IS Računovod
  • IS Marketinga
  • IS nabave
  • IS Prodaje
  • Uredski IS

These systems serve different business functions and sectors.

299
Q

What is the purpose of regular reports in management information systems?

A

To provide consistent updates on performance and metrics

Regular reports are essential for tracking progress and making informed decisions.

300
Q

What type of logic is often associated with repetitive processes?

A

Linear logic

Linear logic is straightforward and follows a clear sequence of steps.

301
Q

What is a limitation of traditional management systems regarding decision-making?

A

No support for decisions

Traditional systems often lack the capability to assist users in making complex decisions.

302
Q

What are transaction processing systems primarily used for?

A

To manage and record daily transactions

These systems ensure accuracy and efficiency in handling transaction data.

303
Q

What is the primary function of management information systems?

A

To provide information for decision-making

Management information systems aggregate data to facilitate managerial decisions.

304
Q

What distinguishes executive information systems from other information systems?

A

They provide top-level management with easy access to internal and external information

Executive information systems are tailored to the needs of senior executives.

305
Q

What is the role of decision support systems?

A

To assist in making decisions based on data analysis

Decision support systems leverage data to support complex decision-making processes.

306
Q

What is a characteristic of specialized heuristics in decision support systems?

A

They are rules of thumb used to simplify decision-making

Heuristics can expedite the decision process but may not always lead to optimal solutions.

307
Q

True or False: Expert systems make decisions independently without human intervention.

A

True

Expert systems are designed to replicate the decision-making ability of a human expert.

308
Q

What is a key feature of systems that learn over time?

A

They adapt and improve based on experience

Learning systems can enhance their performance and accuracy through accumulated knowledge.

309
Q

Fill in the blank: Expert systems often utilize _______ to solve complex problems.

A

fuzzy logic

Fuzzy logic helps in reasoning that is approximate rather than fixed and exact.

310
Q

What technology is associated with mimicking the neural processes of the human brain?

A

Neural networks

Neural networks are used in machine learning and artificial intelligence applications.

311
Q

What are the two basic ideas of artificial intelligence?

A
  1. Istražiti kako čovjek razmišlja
  2. Strojno predstaviti taj proces

These ideas reflect the foundational goals of AI research.

312
Q

What is the focus of the study in artificial intelligence according to Rich & Knight (1991)?

A

Proučavanje kako da računala čine stvari u kojima su, u ovom trenutku, ljudi bolji!

This highlights the aim of AI to surpass human capabilities in specific tasks.

313
Q

What is the role of intelligent agents in artificial intelligence?

A

Intelligent agents are systems that perceive their environment and take actions to maximize their chances of success.

They are fundamental components in AI, enabling interaction with the surrounding world.

314
Q

Define natural language processing in the context of AI.

A

Obrada prirodnog jezika

This area focuses on the interaction between computers and humans through natural language.

315
Q

What does computer vision involve in artificial intelligence?

A

Računalna vizualna prepoznavanja

It involves enabling machines to interpret and make decisions based on visual data.

316
Q

What are neural networks used for in AI?

A

Neuronske mreže se koriste za modeliranje kompleksnih obrazaca i predikciju.

They mimic the way human brains operate to process information.

317
Q

What are expert systems in artificial intelligence?

A

Sustavi koji koriste pravila i znanje stručnjaka za rješavanje problema.

They are designed to emulate the decision-making ability of a human expert.

318
Q

What is the function of genetic algorithms in AI?

A

Genetički algoritmi koriste principe evolucije za optimizaciju rješenja.

They are often used for solving complex optimization problems.

319
Q

What does automated programming refer to in AI?

A

Automatsko programiranje

This involves creating programs with minimal human intervention.

320
Q

What is the primary focus of machine learning within AI?

A

Strojno učenje se fokusira na razvoj algoritama koji omogućuju računalima da uče iz podataka.

It is a core area that drives many AI applications.

321
Q

What is the significance of speech recognition in AI?

A

Razumijevanje govora

It allows machines to understand and process human speech.

322
Q

What is robotics in the context of artificial intelligence?

A

Robotika se bavi dizajniranjem i upravljanjem robota.

It integrates AI to enable robots to perform tasks autonomously.

323
Q

How are games related to artificial intelligence?

A

Igre koriste AI za poboljšanje interakcije i izazova za igrače.

AI techniques are applied to create intelligent behaviors in non-player characters.

324
Q

What is fuzzy logic in artificial intelligence?

A

Fuzzy logika se koristi za upravljanje nepreciznim ili neizvjesnim informacijama.

It allows for reasoning that is approximate rather than fixed and exact.

325
Q

What are the seven main research areas in the AI research field?

A
  • Planning and Decision Making
  • Fuzzy Systems
  • Search and Optimization
  • Natural Language Processing and Knowledge Representation
  • Computer Vision
  • Machine Learning and Probabilistic Reasoning
  • Neural Networks

These areas are identified through keyword co-occurrences and expert labeling.

326
Q

What method is used to identify the main research areas in AI?

A

Using keyword co-occurrences with unsupervised clustering

This method is based on keywords extracted from AI documentation of different actors.

327
Q

What does the color orange represent in the keyword classification?

A

Teaching

Different colors are used to represent the origin of keywords.

328
Q

What does the color green represent in the keyword classification?

A

Industry

Different colors are used to represent the origin of keywords.

329
Q

What does the color blue represent in the keyword classification?

A

Research

Different colors are used to represent the origin of keywords.

330
Q

What does the color pink represent in the keyword classification?

A

Media

Different colors are used to represent the origin of keywords.

331
Q

What does the color black represent in the keyword classification?

A

Multiple origins

Different colors are used to represent the origin of keywords.

332
Q

When will the report on AI research areas be launched?

A

December 11, 2018

This report is published by Elsevier.

333
Q

Where can further information and the report be downloaded?

A

Elsevier’s Artificial Intelligence Resource Center

The URL is https://www.elsevier.com/connect/ai-resource-center.

334
Q

What is the definition of Artificial Intelligence?

A

Engineering of making Intelligent Machines and Programs

335
Q

In which decade did the concept of Machine Learning emerge?

A

1950’s

336
Q

What is the primary characteristic of Machine Learning?

A

Ability to learn without being explicitly programmed

337
Q

What decade is associated with the rise of Deep Learning?

A

2010’s

338
Q

Deep Learning is based on what technology?

A

Deep Neural Network

339
Q

Fill in the blank: The 1980’s saw advancements in _______.

A

Machine Learning

340
Q

True or False: The concept of Artificial Intelligence dates back to the 1970’s.

A

False

341
Q

What significant development in AI occurred in the 2000’s?

A

Advancements in Machine Learning

342
Q

List the decades in order from earliest to latest for the development of AI concepts.

A
  • 1950’s: Artificial Intelligence
  • 1980’s: Machine Learning
  • 2010’s: Deep Learning
343
Q

In what year was Deep Learning notably recognized?

A

2017’s

344
Q

What is the relationship between Machine Learning and explicit programming?

A

Machine Learning can learn without explicit programming

345
Q

Koja izjava odražava Polanyijevu misao o znanju?

A

Znamo više nego možemo izreći!

Ova izjava ističe granice verbalizacije znanja.

346
Q

Koje su glavne komponente znanja prema tekstu?

A
  • Pravila
  • Znanje
  • Vještina
  • Djelovanje

Ove komponente čine osnovu razumijevanja znanja.

347
Q

Što je implicitno znanje?

A

Znanje koje nije lako verbalizirati ili formalizirati

Primjer implicitnog znanja uključuje vještine poput vožnje bicikla.

348
Q

Kako se definira intuicija u kontekstu znanja?

A

Sposobnost donošenja odluka ili zaključaka bez svjesnog razmišljanja

Intuicija se često temelji na prethodnim iskustvima.

349
Q

Što uključuje objašnjenje?

A

Razjašnjenje ili interpretacija znanja ili situacije

Objašnjenje može uključivati analizu i kontekstualizaciju informacija.

350
Q

Definirajte pojam slutnja.

A

Predosjećaj ili intuicija o nečemu bez čvrstih dokaza

Slutnja može igrati ulogu u donošenju odluka.

351
Q

Što su činjenice?

A

Objektivni podaci ili informacije koje se mogu provjeriti

Činjenice su temelj za analizu i zaključivanje.

352
Q

Kako se mjeri znanje?

A

Kroz različite metode kao što su testovi, evaluacije ili praktične demonstracije

Mjerenje znanja može uključivati kvantitativne i kvalitativne pristupe.

353
Q

Što predstavlja pojam događaj?

A

Specifična pojava ili incident koji se može analizirati

Događaji mogu imati značajan utjecaj na učenje i razvoj znanja.

354
Q

Što je eksplicitno znanje?

A

Znanje koje je lako prenijeti i formalizirati

Eksplicitno znanje uključuje informacije koje su dokumentirane ili zapisane.

355
Q

Tko je autor citata ‘Znamo više nego možemo izreći’?

A

Michael Polanyi

Polanyi je bio filozof i fizičar poznat po svojim teorijama o znanju.

356
Q

Što su ekspertni sustavi?

A

Sustavi koji se ponašaju slično vrhunskom stručnjaku u specifičnoj oblasti ljudskog djelovanja

Ekspertni sustavi su dizajnirani da rješavaju probleme koristeći znanje iz specifičnih domena.

357
Q

Koji dio kompjutorske generacije predstavlja Woltersov novipočetak?

A

Peta kompjutorska generacija

Ova generacija se fokusira na umjetnu inteligenciju i obradu znanja.

358
Q

Na što se prebacuje u peta kompjutorska generacija?

A

S obrade podataka na obradu znanja

Ovo označava promjenu u načinu na koji se informacije procesuiraju i koriste.

359
Q

Da li su ekspertni sustavi prilagodavani starim programima?

A

Ne

Ekspertni sustavi su razvijeni kao nove jedinice, a ne kao nadogradnje postojećih sustava.

360
Q

Što predstavlja pojam ‘non-expert user’?

A

Korisnik koji nije stručnjak

Ovi korisnici koriste ekspertne sustave za dobivanje savjeta ili informacija.

361
Q

Što je ‘query’ u kontekstu ekspertnih sustava?

A

Pitanje ili zahtjev od strane korisnika

Korisnici postavljaju upite kako bi dobili relevantne informacije ili savjete.

362
Q

Što predstavlja ‘advice’ u ekspertnih sustavima?

A

Savjet koji pruža ekspertni sustav

Ovi savjeti su često temeljeni na znanju stručnjaka u određenoj domeni.

363
Q

Što je ‘User Interface’?

A

Sučelje kroz koje korisnik interagira s ekspertom sustavom

Dobar dizajn sučelja olakšava korisnicima postavljanje upita i primanje odgovora.

364
Q

Što je ‘Expert System’?

A

Sustav koji koristi znanje stručnjaka za rješavanje problema

Ovi sustavi simuliraju ljudske odluke na temelju stručnog znanja.

365
Q

Što je ‘Inference Engine’?

A

Komponenta koja provodi pravila i logiku na bazi znanja

Ova komponenta omogućava donošenje odluka unutar ekspertnih sustava.

366
Q

Što je ‘Knowledge Base’?

A

Skup informacija i pravila koje koristi ekspertni sustav

Baza znanja sadrži sve relevantne podatke potrebne za rješavanje problema.

367
Q

Što se podrazumijeva pod ‘Knowledge from an expert’?

A

Znanje koje dolazi od stručnjaka u određenoj oblasti

Ovo znanje je ključno za razvoj i funkcioniranje ekspertnih sustava.

368
Q

What is an Expert System?

A

A computer program that simulates the judgment and behavior of a human or an organization that has expert knowledge and experience in a particular field.

Expert systems are used in various domains such as medical diagnosis, financial forecasting, and troubleshooting.

369
Q

What is the purpose of a Knowledge Base in an Expert System?

A

To store facts and rules that the system uses to make decisions or solve problems.

The knowledge base is a critical component, as it contains the domain-specific knowledge needed for the expert system.

370
Q

What does Pattern Matching refer to in the context of Expert Systems?

A

A method used to identify and match the input data against known patterns in the knowledge base to derive conclusions.

Pattern matching is essential for reasoning and decision-making in expert systems.

371
Q

Fill in the blank: An Expert System uses _______ to process information and provide solutions.

A

[Process]

372
Q

What are Expert System Programs designed to do?

A

To emulate the decision-making ability of a human expert in a specific domain.

These programs utilize a combination of rules and logical reasoning to arrive at conclusions.

373
Q

True or False: Expert Systems can replace human experts in all scenarios.

A

False

While expert systems can assist and provide recommendations, they cannot fully replace human expertise, especially in complex and nuanced situations.

374
Q

Who are the authors of the referenced work on Expert Systems?

A

Valacich, J. & Schneider, C.

The authors contributed to the field of information systems and their applications.

375
Q

What is the outcome of using Expert Systems?

A

Recommendations and advice based on the analysis of the knowledge base.

Expert systems aim to provide users with insights and actionable guidance based on data.

376
Q

What is the purpose of interpretation in the context of ES?

A

Interpretacija (opis specifičnog slučaja na temelju promatranja podataka): prepoznavanje govora, analiza slika, interpretacija signala.

377
Q

What does prediction in ES involve?

A

Predvidanje (zaključivanje o posljedicama određenih situacija): demografsko, ekonomsko/financijsko, vojno.

378
Q

What is diagnosis in the context of ES?

A

Dijagnoza (zaključivanje o uzrocima pogrešnog funkcioniranja sustava na temelju podataka o njegovim značajkama): medicinsko, elektroničko, mehaničko i softversko.

379
Q

What does design refer to in ES?

A

Design (konfiguracija sustava unutar zadanih ograničenja): oblikovanje budžeta, računalnog sustava.

380
Q

What is the role of troubleshooting in ES?

A

Otklanjanje kvarova (pronalaženje načina na koji se sustav može dovesti u zadovoljavajuće stanje).

381
Q

Fill in the blank: The process of __________ involves determining the causes of system malfunctions based on its characteristics.

A

dijagnoza

382
Q

True or False: Interpretation in ES includes analyzing images.

A

True

383
Q

List three areas where prediction is applied in ES.

A
  • demografsko
  • ekonomsko/financijsko
  • vojno
384
Q

Fill in the blank: The configuration of a system within certain constraints is known as __________.

A

design

385
Q

What are the key factors considered in loan approval?

A
  • Age
  • Input
  • Income
  • Debt Level
  • Financial History
  • Job Status
  • Length of Employment
  • Home Ownership
  • Assets
  • Investments
  • Marital Status
  • Spouse Income
  • Dependents
  • Health

These factors are typically evaluated to assess the creditworthiness of a loan applicant.

386
Q

What is the output of the loan approval process?

A
  • Recommendation
  • Approve Loan
  • Reject Loan

The recommendation indicates whether the loan should be approved or rejected based on the input factors.

387
Q

True or False: ‘Home Ownership’ is a factor in determining loan approval.

A

True

Home ownership is considered an important factor in assessing financial stability.

388
Q

Fill in the blank: The system evaluates the applicant’s _______ to determine loan eligibility.

A

[neural network system]

A neural network system can analyze complex relationships between various input factors.

389
Q

What does ‘Debt Level’ refer to in the context of loan approval?

A

The total amount of debt an applicant currently has

This factor helps lenders understand the applicant’s financial obligations.

390
Q

What does ‘Financial History’ encompass in the loan approval process?

A

An applicant’s past credit behavior and repayment record

A strong financial history can positively influence loan approval.

391
Q

Which factor relates to the stability of an applicant’s income?

A

Length of Employment

Longer employment duration is often associated with stable income.

392
Q

What is the significance of ‘Marital Status’ in loan applications?

A

It can affect income and financial obligations

Marital status may influence the financial responsibilities of the applicant.

393
Q

True or False: ‘Investments’ are not considered in the loan approval process.

A

False

Investments are a key factor as they represent potential financial resources.

394
Q

Fill in the blank: The applicant’s _______ can impact the decision to approve a loan.

A

[health]

Health can influence employment status and financial stability.

395
Q

What role does ‘Assets’ play in the loan approval process?

A

They provide a measure of the applicant’s financial strength

Assets can be considered collateral for the loan.

396
Q

What is the term for a layer that supports collaboration?

A

SURADNIČKI SLOJ

This layer is vital for facilitating teamwork and communication.

397
Q

What does the term ‘Izvršni sloj’ refer to?

A

Izvršni sloj

It is the layer responsible for executing processes within a system.

398
Q

What is the role of ‘Sustav za obradu’?

A

Sustav za obradu

This system is responsible for processing data and transactions.

399
Q

Define ‘Transakcija’ in the context of information systems.

A

Transakcija

A transaction refers to an individual unit of work or operation within a system.

400
Q

What is the purpose of an ‘Informacijski sustav’?

A

Informacijski sustav

It is designed to collect, store, manage, and disseminate information.

401
Q

What does ‘Upravljački sloj’ signify?

A

Upravljački sloj

This layer is focused on management and decision-making processes.

402
Q

What is a ‘Sustav za potporu upravljanju i odlučivanju’?

A

Sustav za potporu upravljanju i odlučivanju

This system aids in the management and decision-making processes.

403
Q

Name one type of communication supported by the collaborative layer.

A

Mail, glasovna pošta, videokonferencije

These are examples of communication methods facilitated by the collaborative layer.

404
Q

What is a key feature of group collaboration?

A

Skupno odlučivanje, timski rad

Group collaboration includes collective decision-making and teamwork.

405
Q

What activities are involved in individual work according to the collaborative layer?

A

Obrada teksta, tablice, vodenje projekata

Individual work includes text processing, spreadsheet management, and project tracking.

406
Q

What does ‘Upravljanje sadržajima i dokumentima’ refer to?

A

Upravljanje sadržajima i dokumentima

It refers to the management of content and documents within a system.

407
Q

What is involved in ‘Pretraživanje dokumenata’?

A

Pretraživanje dokumenata

This involves searching for and retrieving documents within an information system.

408
Q

Give an example of a system that supports collaboration.

A

Oracle Collaboration Suite, Microsoft Exchange Server

These are examples of systems that provide collaborative features.

409
Q

What does ERP stand for?

A

Enterprise Resource Planning

ERP systems integrate various business processes and functions into a unified system.

410
Q

List three core functions of an ERP system.

A
  • Purchase
  • Production
  • Sales
411
Q

What is the role of BI in the context of ERP?

A

Business Intelligence

BI involves analyzing data to support decision-making within the ERP framework.

412
Q

Fill in the blank: An ERP system typically integrates functions such as ______, accounting, and HR.

A

[production]

413
Q

True or False: An ERP system includes extensions for CRM and SCM.

A

False

The text specifies ERP without CRM and SCM extensions.

414
Q

What are the components of the production process in an ERP system?

A
  • Planning
  • Engineering
  • Delivery
415
Q

What is the significance of inventory management in ERP?

A

It helps track and manage stock levels efficiently

Effective inventory management is crucial for maintaining supply chain efficiency.

416
Q

What does ERP stand for?

A

Enterprise Resource Planning

ERP integrates various business processes into a single system.

417
Q

What is a key function of marketing in a business context?

A

To promote and sell products or services

Marketing strategies can include advertising, sales, and distribution.

418
Q

What are transaction processing systems used for?

A

To manage and record transactions

These systems ensure data integrity and are critical for operational efficiency.

419
Q

What is a DBMS?

A

Database Management System

A DBMS allows users to create, read, update, and delete data in a database.

420
Q

What is the role of a data warehouse?

A

To store and manage large volumes of data from multiple sources

Data warehouses support business intelligence activities.

421
Q

Fill in the blank: A _______ is used to manage accounting information.

A

Accounting System

Accounting systems are essential for financial reporting and compliance.

422
Q

What are the components of supply chain management?

A
  • Production
  • Storage
  • Distribution

Effective supply chain management ensures that products are delivered efficiently.

423
Q

What is the purpose of application software in business?

A

To perform specific tasks for users

This includes software for accounting, project management, and customer relationship management.

424
Q

True or False: Transactional databases are designed for complex queries and reporting.

A

False

Transactional databases are optimized for fast data entry and retrieval.

425
Q

What is the main function of a transactional database?

A

To handle daily operations and transactions

These databases are crucial for real-time data processing.

426
Q

What does the term ‘bicas’ refer to in a business context?

A

It appears to be a typographical error and may not refer to a specific concept

Clarification might be needed for this term.

427
Q

Fill in the blank: The _______ system integrates various business processes.

A

ERP

ERP systems streamline operations and improve data accuracy across departments.

428
Q

What is the significance of management in a business?

A

To coordinate and oversee business activities

Effective management ensures that resources are used efficiently.

429
Q

What does ERP stand for?

A

Enterprise Resource Planning

ERP is a type of software used by organizations to manage day-to-day activities.

430
Q

What does SCM stand for?

A

Supply Chain Management

SCM involves managing the flow of goods and services.

431
Q

List three components of the supply chain.

A
  • Nabava (Procurement)
  • Logistika/distribucija (Logistics/Distribution)
  • Transport

These components are essential for effective supply chain operations.

432
Q

What is the role of skladišta in supply chain management?

A

Warehousing

Skladišta are used for storing goods before distribution.

433
Q

What is involved in poslovna strategija?

A

Business strategy

It encompasses the plans and actions to achieve business objectives.

434
Q

Define upravljanje poduzećem.

A

Business management

It refers to the process of overseeing and coordinating business activities.

435
Q

What does istraživanje i razvoj mean?

A

Research and Development

This involves innovation and improving products and services.

436
Q

What is the purpose of razvoj proizvoda?

A

Product development

It focuses on designing and creating new products.

437
Q

Fill in the blank: _______ is essential for managing inventory.

A

Upravljanje zalihama

Effective inventory management is crucial for operational efficiency.

438
Q

What does upravljanje imovinom refer to?

A

Asset management

It involves managing a company’s assets to maximize value.

439
Q

List the key aspects of upravljanje financijama.

A
  • Financial planning
  • Budgeting
  • Financial reporting

These aspects ensure effective financial control and decision-making.

440
Q

What is the focus of upravljanje ljudskim resursima?

A

Human resource management

It involves recruiting, training, and managing employees.

441
Q

True or False: Strategije elektroničkog poslovanja are only relevant for large corporations.

A

False

E-business strategies can benefit businesses of all sizes.

442
Q

What role does marketing inteligencija play in business?

A

Marketing intelligence

It involves gathering and analyzing data to inform marketing decisions.

443
Q

Define upravljanje prodajom.

A

Sales management

It entails overseeing a company’s sales strategies and teams.

444
Q

Fill in the blank: _______ involves maintaining customer relationships.

A

Njegovanje kupaca

Customer nurturing is vital for retention and satisfaction.

445
Q

What are pozivni centri?

A

Call centers

They are used for customer service and support.

446
Q

What technologies are included in the management of customer interfaces?

A
  • Internet
  • E-mail
  • Wireless technologies
  • Digital video

These technologies facilitate communication with customers.

447
Q

List two types of devices used in business operations.

A
  • Stolna računala (Desktop computers)
  • Prijenosna računala (Laptops)

These devices are essential for business productivity.

448
Q

What is the significance of radni tokovi?

A

Workflows

Workflows help streamline processes and improve efficiency.

449
Q

Define poslovna inteligencija.

A

Business intelligence

It involves analyzing data to support business decision-making.

450
Q

What does the term ‘Konvergencije’ refer to?

A

The process of convergence or merging of different technologies or systems

Often involves the integration of IT solutions to enhance business operations.

451
Q

What is ‘BUSINESS INTELLIGENCE’?

A

The technology and processes for analyzing data to support business decision-making

Includes tools for data mining, reporting, and performance benchmarking.

452
Q

What does ‘ERP’ stand for?

A

Enterprise Resource Planning

A type of software that organizations use to manage their day-to-day activities.

453
Q

What is the main function of ‘CRM’?

A

Customer Relationship Management

Systems that manage a company’s interactions with current and potential customers.

454
Q

What does ‘SCM’ refer to?

A

Supply Chain Management

The management of the flow of goods and services from origin to consumption.

Informatika (5 decks)

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