Info from lectures Flashcards
What is Malthusianism and Neo-Malthusianism?
Malthusianism: potentially exponential population growth versus linear growth of food supply
Neo-Malthusianism: the advocacy of population control programs, to ensure resources for current and future populations
What are the 3 phases of growth?
Multiplication: Based on the general biological tendency of multiplying (microbes, fugi, animals ect.)
Differentiation: Improving/accelerating growth by means of differentiating methods (Mutations, Niches in product markets, Technological development in general ect.)
Centralization/organization: Developing and advanced network to improve support and strengthen opportunities (creation of cluster groups, infrastructure, Supply chains, Agricultural development, Political organization – e.g. the EU, Globalization, Urbanization, communication ect.)
What is required to facilitate the 2 phases of growth; Differentiation and Centralization/organization?
Competition is the essential driving force
The general term used for the driving force is the invisible hand. This is a result of an open market that leads to the general improvement of technology, production methods, infrastructure etc. for all involved because of the competitiveness in such a market.
What is the IPAT equation?
I = P * A * T
I = total environmental impact of human origin, P = population, A = Affluence as
economy per person (e.g. GDP/person), T = an indicator for eco-efficiency of technology,
i.e. environmental impact per unit of economy (e.g. impact/GDP unit).
What important facts are considered in relation to the great acceleration, when it comes to mine production?
The rappid increasing mining of minerals such as; Aluminium, Chromium, Nickel, Tungsten, Copper, zink and iron
The increase in the cumulative number of registered chemicals
The increase in the number of elements widely used in newer technologies, primary tracked in energy production technologies
Growing complexity of materials use
What is the anthopocene?
The anthopocene refers to the current stage of the human era, where human are now dominating/affecting all of the ecosphere.
“It seems appropriate to assign the
term ‘Anthropocene’ to the present, in many
ways human-dominated, geological epoch,
supplementing the Holocene — the warm
period of the past 10–12 millennia.” - Paul Crutzen
What is the Demographic Transition Model?
This model shows the population trend for a Demographic in relation to the progression a civilization. It is often seen graphing deathrate, birth rate and population; in relation to 5 stages of progression.
In Stage 1, which applied to most of the world before the Industrial Revolution, both birth rates and death rates are high. As a result, population size remains fairly constant but can have major swings with events such as wars or pandemics.
In Stage 2, the introduction of modern medicine lowers death rates, especially among children, while birth rates remain high; the result is rapid population growth. Many of the least developed countries today are in Stage 2.
In Stage 3, birth rates gradually decrease, usually as a result of improved economic conditions, an increase in women’s status, and access to contraception. Population growth continues, but at a lower rate. Most developing countries are in Stage 3.
In Stage 4, birth and death rates are both low, stabilizing the population. These countries tend to have stronger economies, higher levels of education, better healthcare, a higher proportion of working women, and a fertility rate hovering around two children per woman. Most developed countries are in Stage 4.
A possible Stage 5 would include countries in which fertility rates have fallen significantly below replacement level (2 children) and the elderly population is greater than the youthful population.
