info for midterm Flashcards
any symbol or combination of symbols that represents a particular phoneme.
1 phoneme can be represented by several different of these
ph+f
allograph
linguistic rules governing the speech sound system of a given language.
phonology
basic meaningful speech segment
differ only by the smallest meaning-bearing sound element
SOUNDS
phoneme
distinct speech sound
phone
study of meaning-bearing elements of a language
study of words and their parts
morphology
smallest unit of a language that carries meaning
*reform= re+form
morpheme
based on the need for a standardized way of representing sounds of spoken languages
allows for better communicating about sounds across different languages
International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
application of phonetics as it applies to clinical areas
clinical phonetics
pair of words that differ by one sound (phoneme) in the same word position
ex: mop/pop
minimal pair/contrast
unit of production and perception of a spoken language
main core=vowels, nucleus
Must have nuclei, does not need coda or onset
syllable
consonant that proceeds the nucleus in a syllable
onset
consonant that follows the nucleus in a syllable
coda
A letter, unit in the writing system in a language
grapheme
- Can have more than one sound– cat/race
- sound may be spelled with more than one grapheme– f,ph
- english does not have enough graphemes to match sounds
- there are silent graphemes: Drought
- Some words are spelled alike but sound different- tear/tear
Why graphemes are not used in transcription (5)
study of production and perception of speech and sounds
phonetics
chain of events linking the speaker’s brain with the listener’s brain
Linguistic-physiological-acoustic-physiological-linguistic
speech chain
Intention: thought takes place in the higher level of the brain center
language: thought is expressed in words that are assembled together in the proper order and form
linguistic level of speaker
- movements of the vocal tract
- motor execution following muscle activities
-motor nerves activating muscles in the respiratory/phonatory/ articulatory muscles
physiological level of speaker
- sound is transmitted through the air
- “displayed” sounds
- acoustic representations of various sounds
acoustic level of speaker
- Hearing
- mechanism activated by the incoming sound wave
- outer/inner/middle ear
- auditory sensory nerves
physiological level of listener
- language processing and understanding
- decoding the conveyed signals in the brain
linguistic level of receiver
a sound variant
allophone
