Info between Exam 3 and Final Flashcards
Define abnormal behaviors
Behaviors which are uncommon or absent in free-ranging animals and is a result of captivity
Define qualitative abnormalities
Behaviors which do NOT occur in the wild
Define quantitative abnormalities
Behaviors which occur at lower frequencies in the wild
What is an abnormal escape reaction and how do we reduce its severity
Animal released into enclosure runs headlong into a wall- can cause serious injury or death
Need to transport in narrow container and gradually get them used to larger and larger enclosures
What is a common reason for the refusal of food
affect of capture or move to an unfamiliar enclosure
Describe abnormal aggressiveness
hyperaggressivity
may only show up during mating season
may be due to overcrowding
may be directed toward particular people
Define stereotyped motor reactions
Patterns of movement done repeatedly
“stereotypes”
Pattern may become fixed
Define pacing
Animal moving in a straight pathway either from escape reaction or anticipation. The animal may need more room or more of a natural environment.
What are the two definitions of flight distance
- Minimum distance of approach which causes animal to take flight
- Distance animal runs before stopping when frightened by a predator
Define stress
Actually distress- fight or flight response
Animal that cannot maintain adequate space (flight distance) around it will constantly be stressed
- suppression of immune system
- capture myopathy
Define weaving
Swinging head rhythmically, sometimes pawing with feet. Commonly seen in elephants and bears
Also seen in camels, rhinos, horses, psitaccines
Define displacement reactions
Occur when incompatible tendencies are aroused simultaneously
exaggerated scratching and excessive self-grooming
Define compensation reactions
redirected aggression
Define self-mutilation
Sudden or chronic abnormal skin sensitivity- exaggerated licking, gnawing, and scratching. Can cause serious wounds or loss of digits or tail
What is the hypothesis for the reasoning behind self-mutilation
compensation for not being able to catch prey
insufficient circulation to skin
inadequate diet
extreme redirected aggression
Define abnormal sexual behavior
Captivity may change sexual patterns. Maturity may be obtained sooner, breeding season may begin earlier and end later
Substitute sexual objects
What are 4 examples of perversion of appetite
- coprophagia
- re-ingestion of vomit
- licking cage bars
- eating anything novel
Define apathy
Animal may become apparently depressed- common in social animals what a mate or offspring is removed or dies
Describe abnormal mother/infant relations
Mother may ignore or eat offspring. May be due to internal stimuli (abnormal hormone levels) or external stimuli- disturbance prevents normal imprinting, change in appearance or smell, lack of adequate place to hide young
Why does prolonged infantile behavior and regression occur
Hand-rearing often has the effect of prolonging infantile behavior. Captivity may prevent proper weaning
Regression- reversion to juvenile behavior
Qualitative abnormalities in primate behavior
Bizarre postures- appear to be self-stimulation, often seen in isolate-reared animals
Floating limb, self-biting, clasping, grasping, saluting
Stereotyped motor acts in primate behavior
stereotyped pacing
head tossing or weaving
bouncing in place
somersaulting
rocking
Appetitive disorders in primate behavior
coprophagia
eating paint or other materials
Quantitative abnormalities in primate behavior
Activity patterns- apathy, hyperactivity
Sexual disorders- inappropriate orientation, (homosexuality), sexual dysfunction, autoerotic stimulation
Appetitive disorders- hyperphagia, hypophagia, polydipsia
What is the purpose of behavioral enrichment
Reduce, eliminate, or prevent abnormal behaviors
Encourage natural behaviors- species-typical behaviors
History of behavioral enrichment
Simple cage (unnatural)
Naturalistic enclosure
Captive reproduction
Research facilities
Animal Welfare Act: Define the Twenty-eight hour law- 1873
If livestock are being transported for longer than 28 consecutive hours, they must be offloaded for at least 5 consecutive hours to get feed, water, and rest. The U.S> Department of Agriculture enforces the law
Animal Welfare Act: Define the Laboratory Animal Welfare Act- 1o66
The Animal Welfare Act (AWA) is the federal law governing the care and use of laboratory animals in the United States. The AWA covers all warm-blooded animals excluding farm animals, horses not used for research, and mice, rats, and birds bred for use in research
Animal Welfare Act- 1970
Amended in 1985
“A physical environment adequate to promote the psychological well-being of primates”
What is the most enriching thing you can do for an animal
To give the animal back some control. Captivity often means loss of control because the care giver makes decisions for the animal
What is the procedure for planning out and giving enrichment
Step 1: baseline observations
Step 2: set goals
Step 3: design and implement enrichment
Step 4: observations to evaluate
Define applied animal behavior
Utilizing knowledge of animal behavior
How can wildlife management influence pest control
Elephants and honeybees
Raptors in landfills/airports/farms- biological control prevents the use of pesticides and sound pollution
Describe animal medical training
Training of animals to voluntarily accept medical procedures
First successes with this kind of training- blood draw from fluke, flipper, gluteal vein, mucus from blowhole, urine sample, sample of stomach fluids
Define conservation training
the use of behavior science to benefit wildlife conservation either directly or indirectly- Ken Ramirez
Where was protected contract training first studied
First studied at San Diego Wild Animal Park
Advantages to working protected contact
Keepers can work safely even with non aggressive animals
New keepers can start working with animals sooner- no need to establish dominance
Public views protected contact as more humane than free contact
Disadvantages to working protected contact
Expense
Less control of herd behavior- breaking up fights, getting calves away from mothers
Side effects- trainer-animal relationship based on cooperation rather than dominance. Impact on institutional philosophy regarding training of zoo animals- opens the door to husbandry training of all the animals in the zoo.
