Influences on Health Practices Flashcards
Which health practice is most universally identified though out history as a deterrent to disease? Why is this?
Hand washing// Hand washing dates back to biblical times to cleanse ones heart and hands before sacrifice. The practice of handwashing was protective.
Describe homeostasis and how it relates to health.
Homeostasis is the physiologic status of balance. The Greeks believed balance promotes good health
What were the Elizabethan Poor Laws?
EPL allowed access to health care for the very poor and to those who could not work due to disability or illness.
Describe how the EPL has impacted the Health Care Delivery in the U.S.
Those who cannot/ could not work due to illness or injury, were entitled to compensation (health care). These laws became necessary as the country grew and the poor and needy emerged.
Identify two major discoveries that have has a major impact on health and health care delivery:
Joseph Lister introduced antisepsis and sterilization which had a huge impact in reducing deaths that were related to surgical procedures. Alexander Flemming introduced penicillin which effected treatment and control of infection.
Name 3 notable nurses and describe the contribution that they made to health and health care delivery:
- Clara Barton: founder of American Red Cross
- Dorothea Dix: 1st superintendent of Army Nurse Corps and advocated to reform mental health care and humane treatment of people with mental health illnesses.
- Florence Nightingale: the founder of modern nursing.
What is healthy people of 2020?
It addresses the need to better improve and integrate heath information technology and communication processes.
What are the main overall objectives of HP 2020?
there are INTERRELATIONSHIPS between physical, social, biological, psychological, environmental, and organizational factors that determine health and health behaviors-THESE ARE DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH.
What health related issues were addressed by the Social Security Act of 1935. Please be specific:
Making sure young children had adequate nutrition and medical care.// Health care providers be properly educated and licensed to protect the public//provisions for care of pregnant women.
Define wellness:
A state of mind with or without disease or illness.
What does HP 2020 emphasize?
The need for improved policy making at all levels of government regarding health issues.
What are the HP 2020 determinants of health?
- physical 2. social 3. biological 4. psychological 5. environmental 6. organizational
Which of the following has been and health care practice since very early in history?
Burial of the dead
Which of the following health-related practices has been consistently present throughout history?
Hand-washing
Which of the following was enacted to counter the thinking that being poor and unable to work was a personal failing?
Elizabeth Poor Laws
Which of the following health care practices are considered complementary to Western medical practices in the U.S. today? Choose all that apply.
Bio feedback
Guided imagery
Medicaid is national health insurance for the poor (True or False)
True
Lillian Wald is a nurse best known for?
The Henry Settlement House
An HMO system is where:
Primary care physicians receive a pre-set amount of money for each patient. PROSPECTIVE PAYMENT OR CAPTION
Which of the following health care delivery settings is the most costly?
Secondary care
All of the following are included in the 5 stages of illness behaviors by Suchmann EXCEPT:
Neutral point
Holistic encompass all of the following except:
Financial health
Which of the following was enacted to counter the thinking that being poor/and or unable to work was a personal failure?
Elizabeth Poor Laws
Medicare Part B covers hospital stays (True or False)
False
Which of the following is NOT part of The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act?
Transportation for all health care services
Which of the following has been a health care practice since very early in history?
Burial of the dead
Define and provide two examples of complementary healing methods.
Has been researched // Methods of healing that are used along western medicine protocols and treatments: diet/ nutrition
Define and provide two examples of alternative healing methods:
Has NOT been researched// Methods used in place of traditional western medicine protocols acupressure and acupuncture.
What are the five determinants of health?
- policy making 2. social factors 3.health services 4. individual behaviors 5. biology and genetics
What are the six dimensions of wellness?
- occupational 2. spiritual 3. physical 4. intelligence 5. environmental 6. social
What is the second most expensive level of care?
Tertiary care
Who published germ theory and what is it?
Louis Pasteur // germ theory posits that microorganisms cause disease
Who developed pasteurization and what does it do?
Louis Pasteur // developed pasteurization, a process that kills microbes and prevents spoilage of milk, beer, etc.
Who is Anton von Leeuwenhoek and what did he develop?
A Dutch microscopist that developed the first microscope.
Who is Edward Jenner and what did he discover?
A Scottish bacteriologist who discovered the vaccine for small pox
Who is Jonas Salk and what did he develop?
An American physician who developed the vaccine for polio
What did Lemuel Shattuck do?
Advocated for public health and called for the est. of local and state health departments, collection of vital statistics, and gov. control of alcohol.
Define the Sheppard-Towner Act 1921
- It was the basis of the 1st involvement of gov. mandating health care. health an care delivery.
- Est. local and state health departments
- Provided health and nutrition for the poor,
- Required formal education for health care providers
- Required formal education for those providing health care (like this class)
What is the Social Security Act of 1935?
Provides economic relief to those effected by natural disasters and WW I //
provisions were made (1) to make sure children had adequate nutrition and medical care and (2) to ensure health care providers were properly educated and licensed to protect the public (3) and to care for pregnant women
Benefits for retirees and unemployed and in 1965 Medicare and Medicaid amendments were added
When were medicare and medicaid admendments added to the SSA 1935?
1965
What is the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (obamacare 2010)
It improved access and availability of health care to all
What does the WHO do?
they are health care professionals that monitor the world for new diseases and strategize how to mitigate disease spread
What does the WHO use to improve health?
population based interventions (vaccines)
List examples of primary prevention.
vaccines, post exposure pophylaxis
Define policy making (the five determinants of health)
policies at the local, state, and federal level affect individual and population health
Provide examples of policy making:
increasing tobacco sales so less people buy tobacco products // the federal govt. authorized to regulate standards for POVs and HWYs (making seatbelts a federal law)
Define social factors (the five determinants of health)
the availability of resources to meet daily needs of living, social norms, and attitudes (discrimination) exposure to crime, violence, and social disorder and social support and mass media and social exposure
Define health services (the five determinants of health)
Can people access and afford health care? what is the availability of hospitals and clinics? the population of Prim. care provider ratio to the population?
Define individual behaviors (the five determinants of health)
its how we conduct ourselves and the decisions we make that affect our health. ( do we: wash our hands, exercise, eat right, get enough sleep [HA what is that], manage our stress well [ no])
Define biology and genetics
Bio and genetics cannot be changed however risk can be decreased for disease development in vulnerable populations with certain diseases
Who is Lilian Wald?
She founded the Henry Street Settlement House (HSSH provided health care service to the community)// advocated for improved health care and conditions during the industrial revolution
Who is Mary Adelaide Nutting?
Founded the American Journal of Nursing // #1 educator at Johns Hopkins SoN ( ppw answer advocated for higher education for nurses )
Who is Laviana Dock?
pioneer of nursing education and instrumental sufferagette
Who is Harriet Tubman?
Est. the under ground railroad and civil war nurse
Who is Mary Brekenridge?
Opened midwife school // est. Frontier Nursing Service in KY, rode horse back to deliver babies
Define Health Care
Refers to curing illnesses or correcting anatomical abnormality
What are Suchman’s five stages of illness and accompanying behaviors?
- Experiences symptoms and identifies as sick
- Assumes sick role (tried to self-treat)
- Assumes dependent role (goes to physician if self-treat was unsuccessful)
- Individual follows treatment protocols
- Achieves recovery and rehab
How did Smith describe health care in 4 vantage points (models)?
- Clinical model (no s and s)
- Role performance (had s and s but is functioning)
- Adaptive model - adapting to change to deal with health issues
- Eudaimonistic model - i feel super well!
Define disease
Biomedical, recognizable health deviation
How did Travis (1981) describe health?
A forward-moving continuum to high level wellness OR toward death / disability
List examples of complementary healing methods:
pharm/bio supplements massage diet nutrition biofeedback meditation and relaxation hypnosis and imagery holistic and spiritual interventions
List examples of alternative healing methods:
acupressure acupuncture reflexology potions herbs rituals shamanism // curanderismo
What is Medicare?
An insurance program funded by the U.S. Govt. //people over the age of 65 who have paid to the Social security system when they were working can have medicare coverage
What is Medicare Part A?
Free (no premium or deductible) and covers all hospital costs
What is Medicare Part B?
Covers expenses for physician office visits and other out patient services but DOES require a premium and deductible, covers 80% of expenses
What is Medicare Part C?
Combination of A, B, D and the premiums are paid to 1 collector
What is Medicare Part D?
Covers prescriptions, requires premium and deductible, and has a lot of restrictions
Define Medicaid.
National health insurance for the poor, dispersed at state level. Pregnant women are covered under Medicaid and children under the age of 5 who meet the requirements
Covers ALL expenses
What does the DHHS (department of health and human services) do?
Oversee health related concerns of the general public
What type of private health insurance is the most popular?
PPO (preferred provider organization)
What are the two types of private health insurance?
Health MX Organization (HMO) and Preferred Provider Organization (PPO)
What is an Health MX Organization (HMO) and what is the focus?
The patient selects a primary care physician that rx a pre-set amount up front (AKA Prospective payment or capitation) // focus is health promotion and disease prevention. Primary care physician is the gatekeeper of all referrals and diagnostic test
What is a Preferred Provider Organization (PPO) and what is the focus?
The patient selects any physician on the referred list, no referral is needed// physicians agree to RETROSPECTIVEaka pre-established fees reimbursement from the insurance company
The patient protection and affordable care act (ACA) was designed to improve quality of health care by:
Providing preventative screenings (pap smear / blood pressure)
expanding coverage for young adults (staying on parents plan until 26)
improved access to health care
lowering health care costs
Define Primary Care
The first contact one has made with the health care system (clinic or doctors office)
Define Secondary Care
(the most expensive) when one has an acute illness that cant be treated at the dr.s office, they will go to the hospital or skilled nursing facility for diagnosis or treatment
Define Tertiary Care
(second most expensive) care for patients who need daily care carrying out activities of daily living (nursing homes, rehab centers, long term care)
Define Primary Prevention
Targeted to healthy populations to keep people healthy (health education, health fairs, improved nutrition and exercies)
Define Illness
Imbalanced, unsustainable relationship with environment
Define Health
(WHO 1974) A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not just the absence of disease
When was the beginning of Health Care Insurance? (when was the first appearance of health care insurance)
Mid -Twentieth Century 1940 - 1950
What is the basis of welfare programs today?
EPL
What does the Becker Health Belief Model Describe?
How and why individuals respond to health care issues - dont perceive the condition as serious / resist due to inability to see benefits of change.
What is the Dunn (1961) Model of Health?
Health is related to R/T genetic and environmental exposure
What is the Ardell Model of Health (1977)
Health and Wellness is maintaining balances of nutrition, fitness, safety, stress, and personal responsibility (core)
What is Holistic Healing?
Bio psychological, physical, sociocultural, spiritual / the response is unique to the individual
Define managed care
Insurance systems direct care and payments
Define care management
Effort to improve quality of health care (RN case managers)
What does The Joint Commission (TJC) do?
Implement standards of safety and standards to safeguard against infection
What is the Patient Self-Determination Act?
Autonomy-right to accept or refuse treatment // Advanced-directive legal document specifies what may or may not be done whrn a patient is unable to speak for themselves living will
Define Informed Consent?
No procedures or treatments unless physician: fully explains procedure, risk, and benefits, of treatment/ non-treatment// ensures the patient can understand: cognitive ability, non-sedated, no pain tired// ensures patient is free from coercion, voluntarily agrees to treatment or not.
What does Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPPA) do?
Safeguards the patients health info and confidentiality // makes it illegal to discuss a patients Dx w/ anyone who does not have a need to know
What is the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)?
Allows equal access to opportunities as those who are not disabled
What is the Economic Opportunity Act 1964?
Provides services to those who due to location or economic status would not have access to certain opportunities available to others
What is OSHA?
Occupational Safety and Health Administration // No child labor laws. or unsafe work conditions.
Who does Primary Prevention target and provide examples?
Targets the healthy population that has no S/S of illness or disease. Includes disease prevention strategies like sex ed, vaccines, and commercials that talk about the negative effects of smoking.
Who does Secondary Prevention target and provide examples?
Targets the population at risk for disease, like screenings for breast cancer and prostate cancer
Who does Tertiary Prevention Target and provide examples?
Targets those who already have disease or condition, strategizes to max qualify of life and prevent complications like stroke rehabilitation or HIV / Aids support groups
