Influence of Childhood Flashcards

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1
Q

Who came up with the theory for the influence of parent-child relationships?

A

Shaver (88)

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2
Q

Outline Shaver (88) for parent-child relationships

A

Claimed what we experience as romantic love in adulthood is an integration of 3 behavioural systems acquired during infancy: attachment, caregiving and sexuality systems

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3
Q

What are the 3 behavioural systems in the theory regarding parent-child relationships?

A

1) Attachment
2) Caregiving
3) Sexuality

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4
Q

Outline the attachment system for parent-child relationships

A

Related to the concept of internal working model - later relationships are likely to be a continuation of early attachement styles as behaviour of the infants’ primary attachment figure promotes an internal working model of relationships which leads to the infant to expect the same in later relationships

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5
Q

Outline the caregiving system for parent-child relationships

A

It is knowledge about how one cares for others, learned by modelling the behaviour of the primary attachment figure

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6
Q

Outline the sexuality system for parent-child relationships

A

It is learned in relation to early attachment - for example those with avoidant attachment are more likely to hold the view that sex without love is pleasurable

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7
Q

Name 4 pieces of evidence supporting parent-child relationships

A

1) Springer (07)
2) Research suggests many victims of sexual abuse during childhood experience difficulties in forming healthy relationships in adulthood
3) Alpert (98)
4) van der Kolk & Fisler (94)

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8
Q

Outline Springer (07)

A

Those who have experienced physical abuse in childhood are more likely to report increased rates of depression, anger and anxiety than non-abused individuals

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9
Q

Outline Alpert (98)

A

Individuals who have experienced both forms of abuse during childhood develop a damaged ability to trust people and a sense of isolation from others - distancing and isolation can inhibit the development of romantic relationships during adulthood

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10
Q

Outline van der Kolk & Fisler (94)

A

Found individuals who suffered childhood abuse also had difficulty in forming healthy attachments and formed disorganised attachments instead - these disorganised patterns of attachment lead to a difficulty in regulating emotions, a key aspect in forming and maintaining healthy relationships

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11
Q

Name a negative evaluative point about parent-child relationships

A

Fraley (98)

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12
Q

Outline Fraley (98)

A

Carried out a meta-analysis and found correlations from .10 and .50 between early attachment type and later relationships - low correlations

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13
Q

What is an important point about Fraley (98)?

A

Suggested reason for the low correlations may be because insecure-anxious attachment is more unstable but it could be that an individual’s attachment type is determined by the current relationship as there is evidence which has found that relationship break-ups are associated with a shift from secure to insecure attachment

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14
Q

Name a positive evaluative point about parent-child relationships

A

Research support for the influence of childhood abuse - Berenson & Anderson (06)

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15
Q

Outline Berenson & Anderson (06)

A

Found adult women abused in childhood later displayed negative reactions towards another person - but only with people who reminded them of their abusive parent so concluded this process of transference could lead to individuals abused in childhood to use inappropriate behavioural patterns learned from their relationship with an abusive parent in their subsequent interpersonal relationships

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16
Q

Outline childhood friendships in interaction with peers

A

Children learn from experiences with other children - a way a child thinks about themselves and others is determined by specific experiences which then become internalised - so develop a sense of own value as a result of interactions with other which in turn determine how they approach adult relationships - it has been suggested that children’s friendships are training grounds for important adult relationships

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17
Q

Outline adolescent relationships in interaction with peers

A

Attachment usually shift from parents to peers and romantic relationships at this time serve a number of purposes

18
Q

Name 2 purposes of adolescent relationships

A

1) They help to achieve the goal of separation from parents
2) They can allow adolescents to gain a type of emotional and physical intimacy that is quite different from that experienced with parents

19
Q

Name 2 negative evaluative points of interaction with peers

A

1) Gender differences

2) Negative effects - Haynie (03), Neeman (95) & Madson

20
Q

Outline Richard & Schneider (05)

A

Found girls have more intimate friendships than boys and are more likely to report care and security in their relationships - boys’ relationships tend to be more competitive and girls tend to engage in cooperative and sharing activities

21
Q

What is the study which suggests gender differences for interaction with peers

A

Richard & Schneider (05)

22
Q

What was suggested against gender differences for interaction with peers

A

These sex differences have been over-emphasised and many similarities have been overlooked

23
Q

Outline Haynie (03)

A

Found romantic involvement increased some forms of deviance in adolescents by as much as 35%

24
Q

Outline Neemann (95)

A

Found romantic involvement in early to middle adolescence associated with decreases in academic achievement and increase in conduct problems however in late adolescence romantic involvement is no longer related to these negative outcomes, suggesting it is the timing of romantic relationships that determines what influence, if any, they will have

25
Q

Outline Madson

A

Found heavy duty dating patterns during adolescence are associated with poorer quality adult relationships

26
Q

What study challenges the negative effects of adolescent relationships?

A

Roisman (04)

27
Q

Outline Roisman (04)

A

Found no effect of romantic experiences at age 20 on romantic relationships at age 30, suggesting there is not consistent evidence that adolescent romantic relationships are the ‘building blocks’ of adult relationships

28
Q

Name 3 general positive evaluative points about the influence of childhood

A

1) Simpson (07)
2) Suomi & Harlow (78)
3) Hazan & Shaver

29
Q

Outline Simpson (07)

A

Longitudinal study over 25 years looking at 78 ppts - year 1, parents reported attachment behaviour - 6-8 years teachers rated peer interactions of children - 16 years children asked to describe close relationships - adulthood romantic partners asked to describe experiences - found securely attached infants had higher social competence as children so closer to friends at 16 and more expressive and emotionally attached to romantic partners

30
Q

What does Simpson (07) show?

A

Findings support claim that expression of emotions in adult romantic relationships can be related back to a person’s attachment experiences during earlier social development

31
Q

What is a negative about Simpson (07)?

A

Not reliable when asked parents as parents are subjective as more likely to see child as being securely attached

32
Q

Why are experiments involving social deprivation not possible with human children?

A

Ethical issues

33
Q

Outline Suomi & Harlow (78)

A

Found rhesus monkeys reared with adequate adult but inadequate peer contact later displayed inappropriate social and sexual behaviour as adults - and the longer they were denied the opportunity to interact with other young monkeys, the more extreme were their social inadequacies as adults

34
Q

Outline Hazan & Shaver

A

Found strikingly high correlation between infant attachment types and adult romantic love styles which supports the concept of the inner working model having a life-long effect but some people did change

35
Q

What is the main disadvantage about the influence of childhood?

A

It is deterministic - research indicates very early experiences have a fixed effect on later adult relationships so children who are insecurely attached at the age of one are doomed to experience emotionally unsatisfactory relationships as adults - but this is fortunately not the case as there are plenty of cases where ppts were experiencing happy adult relationships despite not having been securely attached as infants

36
Q

Who came up with the social learning theory for the influence of childhood?

A

Parke (88)

37
Q

Outline the social learning theory for the influence of childhood

A

Continuity between relationships with parents and the ability to make friends is due to the relationship skills learnt from parents via modelling (observation and imitation) - not due to attachment styles

38
Q

What study support the social learning theory for the influence of childhood?

A

Russell & Finnie (90)

39
Q

Outline Russell & Finnie (90)

A

Carried out an observation of Australian pre-school children in new school environment and found ‘popular children’ seen to have mothers who suggested strategies to help them interact and also found ‘neglected children’ had mothers who encouraged them to play with toys but did not suggest ways to play with others

40
Q

Name the 3 theories of the influence of childhood

A

1) Parent-child relationships
2) Interaction with peers
3) Social learning theory