Inflection: Reported Speech

Question 1

Reported Speech

• What are reporting verbs?
• How to shift grammatical tense in indirect speech?
• Special: Can, Must, Modal Verbs?
• Reporting the negative speech and commands?
• Imperatives, Requests, Advice?

Answer 1

• Question 01:
  The most common reporting verbs: say and tell.
• Question 02:
  Present Simple&raquo_space; Past Simple | Present Simple.
  Past Simple&raquo_space; Past Perfect | Past Simple.
  Present Cont&raquo_space; Past Cont | Present Cont.
  Past Cont&raquo_space; Past Perfect Cont | Past Cont.
  Present Perfect&raquo_space; Past Perfect | Present Perfect.
  Past Perfect&raquo_space; Past Perfect.
  Past Perfect Cont&raquo_space; Past Perfect Cont.
  Future &raquo_space; Would.
• Question 03:
  Can&raquo_space; Could | Must&raquo_space; Must or Had to.
  If Modal Verbs are used, Direct Speech and Reported Speech are always the same.
• Question 04:
  Use negative as usual.
  Negative commands&raquo_space; not to | was not to | were not to.
• Question 05:
  Use the infinitive form of the verbs that the other person said.

Question 2

Declension: Plurals

Answer 2

• Normal Nouns:
  For normal nouns add: “-s”.
• s, x, z, sh, ch, tch Nouns:
  For nouns that end with -s, -x, -z, -sh, -ch, -tch: “-es”.
• Nouns ending in -y:
  For nouns with a vowel and -y in the end: “-s”.
  For nouns with a consonant and -y in the end: “-ies”.
• Irregular Nouns:
  These need to be memorized.
• Nouns ending in f, fe, if:
  Some of them change the ending, some not. Need to be memorized.
• Uncountable Nouns:
  These nouns cannot be made plural.
  To quantify them, the units of measure are used.
• Non-Existent Plural Adjectives:
  In English, adjectives are never made plural.
  Several 10-year-old boys.