Inflammatory Mediators Flashcards

1
Q

Examples of Vasoactive Amines

A

Histamine, Seratonin

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2
Q

Sources of Vasoactive Amines

A

Basophils (circulating), mast cells (tissue based), platelets

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3
Q

Which inflammatory mediators are pre-formed in granules?

A

Histamine, Seratonin, lysosomal enzymes

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4
Q

Sources of Histamine

A

platelets, mast cells, basophils

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5
Q

Sources of Seratonin

A

platelets

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6
Q

Effects of Histamine

A

immediate/delayed; early smooth muscle contraction, increased vasculature permeability(early), mucous secretion, chemotaxis of white blood cells (Late-phase reaction)

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7
Q

Inactivation of histamine

A

histaminase from PMNs, liver, macrophages

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8
Q

causes of histamine release

A

IgE Fc interaction (type I/immediate hypersensitivity), tissue injury, C3a/5a interactions, IL-1, IL-8 (cytokines)

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9
Q

Release of seratonin: cause

A

platelet aggregation due to exposure to collagen, thrombin, PAF, TXA2, other substainces; released in context of platelet congregation

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10
Q

Effects of seratonin

A

similar to histamine: increase

vasculature permeability

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11
Q

Examples of Eicosanoids

A

Prostaglandins (PG), Leukotrienes (LT), Thromboxanes (TX), Lipoxins (LX)

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12
Q

Precursor of Eicosanoids

A

arachidonic acid (AA)

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13
Q

what kind of molecules are Eicosanoids?

A

lipids

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14
Q

sources of Eicosanoids

A

white cells, platelets, endothelial cells

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15
Q

actions of eicosanoids

A

vasodilator (PGI2), vasoconstrictor (TXA2), Vasculature permeability (LT), chemotaxis (LT), promote Platelet aggregation (TXA2, platelets), inhibit platelet aggregation (PGI2, endothelial cells), smooth muscle effects (bronchus, uterine contraction)

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16
Q

Platelet activating Factor

A

Phospholipid

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17
Q

Source of Platelet activating factor

A

platelets, neutrophils, basophils, mast cells, macrophages, endothelial cells (NOT lymphocytes)

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18
Q

Stimulation for Platelet activating factor formation

A

stimulation of cells of origin, bacterial endotoxin

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19
Q

Actions of Platelet activating factor

A

platelet activation/stimulation, vasoconstriction, low concentrations: vasodilation and vasculature permeability, chemotaxis and leukocyte activation, bronchospasm, neutrophil oxidative burst
GOAL= TO STOP BLEEDING

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20
Q

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

A

NADPH oxidase system, superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, hyroxyl radical derived from phospholipids of cell membranes, can combine with NO to produce reactive nitrogen species

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21
Q

Sources of ROS

A

Leukocytes (e.g. macrophages, neutrophils), endothelial cells

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22
Q

Stimulus for release of ROS

A

cytokines in response to damage, damage to endothelial cells

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23
Q

Effects of ROS

A

microbe damage, host tissue collageral damage (endothelial/parenchymal cells), inactivation of antiproteases)

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24
Q

Inactivation of ROS

A

liver and local enzymes: superoxide dismutates, catalase for H2O2, glutathione peroxidase, ceruloplasmin, transferrin

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25
Q

Nitric Oxide

A

formed from nitric oxide synthase (NOS); three types: iNOS, eNOS, nNOS

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26
Q

iNOS (Type II)

A

endothelium, smooth muscle, macrophages; CA INDEPENDENT

27
Q

iNOS synthesis

A

induced by cytokines IL-1/TNF/Interferon, microbial endotoxin

28
Q

eNOS (Type III)

A

Endothelial cells, constitutively expressed, regulated by cytplasmic Ca; upregulated by bradykinin, thrombin, stress

29
Q

nNOS (type I)

A

Neural parenchyma; constitutively expressed, regulated by cytoplasmic Ca, functions in neurotransmitter release and blood flow regulation

30
Q

Inactivation of NO

A

short half life, regulated by rate of synthesis

31
Q

NO function

A

in inflammation (paracrine–close proximity)– Vasodilation/blood flow regulation (i,e,n), chemotaxis (i), reduced leukocyte and platelet adhesion (e), toxic effect o nmicrobes (i), neurotransmitter release (n)

32
Q

Cytokines

A

TNF, IL1, IFN; regulatory peptides/polypeptides

33
Q

Sources of cytokines

A

multiple- macrophage, lymphocytes, endothelial cellsl

34
Q

Function of cytokines

A

autocrine: act on cells that produce agents; paracrine: act on cell in vicinity of release; endocrine: act systematically to incite acute phase reaction

35
Q

Source(s) of TNF

A

principally activated macrophages, mast cells, T lymphocytes

36
Q

source(s) of IL-1

A

macrophages, endothelial cells, some epithelial cells

37
Q

stimulus for TNF secretion

A

bacterial endotoxin, immune complex, tissue injury, other inflammatory stimuli/mediators

38
Q

effects of TNF

A

LocalL: endothelial activation/thrombogenicity, fibroblast stimulation, activation of other inflammatory cells (e.g. PMNs), stimulate acute phase reaction (endocrine-like effects); Systemic: fever, anorexia, sleepiness, liver effects (increased synthesis of proteins like C-reactive protein, alpha 1-antitrypsin, clotting factors, complement factors, ferritin, ceruloplasmin, etc)

39
Q

Sources of Interleukins

A

primarily macrophages

40
Q

stimulus for IL secretion

A

bacterial endotoxin, immune complex, tissue injury, other inflammatory stimuli/mediators

41
Q

Function of IL

A

similar to TNF: fever, chemotaxis, stimulate acute phase reaction, leukocyte activation, cytokine production, ?

42
Q

IL-1 action

A

activate other inflammatory cells (PMNs); participate in acute phase rxn; innate immunity- reaction to stimuli that injure tissue

43
Q

IL-2

A

stimulates lymphocyte multiplication

44
Q

IL-8

A

(macrophages, endothelial cells): activate/attract neutrophils; synthesized in context of IL-1 and TNF, classified with “chemokines”

45
Q

cytokines-Interferon (IFN)

A

glycoprotein;

46
Q

IFN source

A

T lymphocytes, natural killer cells

47
Q

Function of IFN

A

(mostly involved with dealing with virus); activation of inflammatory cells: macrophages/Natural killer cells, Interfere with viral replication, tumor defense role

48
Q

cytokines - chemokines

A

small proteins expressed transiently or constitutively

49
Q

source of chemokines

A

variable with subtype; macrophages, lymphocytes, mast cells, endothelial cells

50
Q

function of chemokines

A

chemotaxis, control normalmigration of inflammatory cells in tissue

51
Q

Subtypes of chemokines

A

C-X-C chemokines (one aa separating first two cysteines); C-C chemokines (adjacent cysteines); C chemokines (lack first adn third of four cysteines); CX3C chemokines (3 aa between 2 cysteines)

52
Q

C-X-C chemokines

A

Ex: IL-8: macrophage/endothelial derived; neutrophil chemotaxis/activation

53
Q

C-C chemokines

A

Ex: monocyte chemoattractant Protein (MCP-1), Macrophage inflammatory protein -1-alpha (MIP-1-alpha), RANTES (regulated and normal T-cell expressed and secreted); attract macrophages, basophils, lymphocytes, eosinophils–NOT neutrophils

54
Q

C chemokines

A

lymphotactin - attract lymphocytes

55
Q

CX3C chemokines

A

fractalkine: attract macrohpages and T lymphocytes

56
Q

Cytokines involved in acute inflammation

A

TNF, IL-1, IL-6, Chemokines

57
Q

Cytokines involved in chronic inflammation

A

IL-12, IFN-gamma, IL-17

58
Q

Two most important cytokines

A

TNF, IL-1–systemic effects

59
Q

Substance P

A

small peptide, released by nerve twigs in lung/GI

60
Q

Functions of Substance P

A

PAIN signaling, vascular tone modulation, vascular permeability modulation

61
Q

Stored Mediator Content (granules)

A

from neutrophils and macrophages for digestion of microbes/foreign material and chemotactic role

62
Q

Stored mediator content constituents

A

huge variety of enzymes (collagenase, histaminase, elastase, proteinase, nonspecific collagenases, lysosome, etc)

63
Q

Stored mediator content collateral damage/control

A

digestion of normal tissue; control - enzymes (antiproteases – liver/local production–alpha-1-antitrypsin, A2-macroglobulin)