Inflammation, Tissue Repair Wound Healing, Innate/Adaptive Immunity Flashcards
list ways the immune system protects the body
defend against abnormal cells and molecules that develop within the body, localizes, recognizes, and destroys pathogens.
five cardinal signs of inflammation
redness, swelling, heat, pain, loss of function
describe events in the inflammatory process
vasodilation: leads to greater blood flow to the area of inflammation, resulting in redness and heat.
vascular permeability: endothelial cells become “leaky” from either direct endothelial cell injury or via chemical mediators.
Exudation: fluid, proteins, red blood cells, and white blood cells Escape from the intravascular space as a result of increased osmotic pressure extravascularly and increased hydrostatic pressure intravascularly
vascular stasis: slowing of the blood in the bloodstream with vasodilation and fluid exudation to allow chemical mediators and inflammatory cells to collect and respond to the stimulus.
Val
Vicariously
Emptied
Vic’s pocket
list the stages of wound healing
inflammatory phase, proliferative phase, wound contraction and remodeling phase
contrast inflammatory exudates: sErous, fIbrInous, serosanguineous, Purulent.
sErous: WatEry fluids low in protEin content, result from plasma entering the inflammatory site
fibrinous: Contain large amounts of fibrInogen and form a thIck and stIcky meshwork
serosanguineous: Serosanguinous drainage is the most common type of exudate that is seen in wounds. It is thin, pink, and watery in presentation. Not totally blood.
purulent: Contains Pus; composed of degraded white blood cells, proteins, and tissue debris
describe leukocytes or WBCs
give function of neutrophils including “shift to the left”.
leukocytes or WBCs, are white blood cells and they mark and kill any foreign molecule in the body.
neutrophils: They constantly patrol the organism for signs of microbial infections, and when found, these cells quickly respond to trap and kill the invading pathogens.
shift to the left: A left shift indicates the presence of immature neutrophils in blood and usually, but not always, indicates an inflammatory leukogram (see related links for the historical origin of this term). Immature neutrophils are usually band neutrophils, but earlier forms can be seen.
eosinophils
Eosinophilic functions include: movement to inflamed areas, trapping substances, killing cells, anti-parasitic and bactericidal activity, participating in immediate allergic reactions, and modulating inflammatory responses.
basophils
Thus the physiological role of basophils is thought to be the release of cytokines, leukotrienes and histamine to aid immunity to pathogens.
monocytes
Monocytes have two distinct roles; they regularly patrol the body for microbial cells and orchestrate an immune response in times of infection and inflammation.
lymphocytes (NK cells, B and T lymphocytes
NK cells: NK cells are best known for killing virally infected cells, and detecting and controlling early signs of cancer.
B lymphocytes: B lymphocytes are the effectors of humoral immunity, providing defense against pathogens through different functions including antibody production.
T lymphocytes: The T lymphocytes are regulators of adaptive function, serving as primary effectors for cell-mediated immunity.
describe the actions of cytokines
cytokines are proteins produced by many cell types that modulate the function of other cells.
Cytokines may act on the cells that secrete them (autocrine action), on nearby cells (paracrine action), or in some instances on distant cells (endocrine action). It is common for different cell types to secrete the same cytokine or for a single cytokine to act on several different cell types (pleiotropy).
basically, they signal the immune system to do it’s job.
differentiate the role of WBC’s in innate defense in the body vs. specific adaptive defense
WBCs in innate defense: neutrophils and macrophages are the first responders to antigens
WBCs in specific adaptive defense: B and T lymphocytes which provide defense against pathogens by producing antibodies and regulating adaptive function (remembering pathogens)
describe the actions of complement and the complement system
The complement system, also known as complement cascade, is a part of the immune system that enhances (complements) the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear microbes and damaged cells from an organism, promote inflammation, and attack the pathogen’s cell membrane.
the complement system has three phases: initial activation phase (where the system recognizes a microbe based on how it binds), early step inflammatory processes (to do stuff), and late-step membrane attack (to lyse the pathogenic microbe)
differentiate the two types of T cells, helper T and cytotoxic T cells
helper T cells: CD4+
the antigen specific helper T cell recognizes and binds on to the “carrier”. This helps the body recognize self from non self.
cytotoxic T cells: CD8+
Cytotoxic T cells kill their targets by programming them to undergo apoptosis (Fig. 8.35). When cytotoxic T cells are mixed with target cells and rapidly brought into contact by centrifugation, they can program antigen-specific target cells to die within 5 minutes, although death may take hours to become fully evident.
name the two major types of B cells and explain their role
Memory B Lymphocyte. Some B lymphocytes will differentiate into memory B cells, which are are long-lived cells that remain within the body and allow a more rapid response to future infections.
Plasma cells are the other type of B cells. They secrete antibodies.
describe these antibodies: IgG, IgE, IgA
The body retains a catalog of IgG antibodies that can be rapidly reproduced whenever exposed to the same antigen. IgG antibodies form the basis of long-term protection against microorganisms. In those with a normal immune system, sufficient IgG is produced to prevent re-infection.
IgG=long term protection
IgE: IgE is associated with allergies, allergic diseases, and with parasitic infections.
IgA: IgA provides protection against infection in mucosal areas of the body such as the respiratory tract (sinus and lungs) and the gastrointestinal tract (stomach and intestines).
IgA=mucosal
define antibody titer
An antibody titer test measures the amount of a specific type of antibodies in the blood.
list the primary lymphoid organs and their function
primary organs are: bone marrow and thymus gland
Bone marrow makes stem cells, which produce platelets and white and red blood cells.
thymus gland The thymus gland is in the chest between the lungs. It makes white blood cells (T lymphocytes) which are part of the immune system and help fight infection.
list secondary lymphoid organs and their function
lymph nodes: Lymph nodes filter substances that travel through the lymphatic fluid, and they contain lymphocytes (white blood cells) that help the body fight infection and disease.
spleen: it fights invading germs in the blood (the spleen contains infection-fighting white blood cells) it controls the level of blood cells (white blood cells, red blood cells and platelets) it filters the blood and removes any old or damaged red blood cells.
tonsils: The tonsils are part of the body’s immune system. Because of their location at the throat and palate, they can stop germs entering the body through the mouth or the nose. The tonsils also contain a lot of white blood cells, which are responsible for killing germs.
Peyer’s patches (in the small intestine): Peyer’s patches are small masses of lymphatic tissue found throughout the ileum region of the small intestine. Also known as aggregated lymphoid nodules, they form an important part of the immune system by monitoring intestinal bacteria populations and preventing the growth of pathogenic bacteria in the intestines.
LSPT
contrast passive immunity vs. active immunity
passive immunity is where specific protection is induced through transfer of protective antibodies against an antigen
Transferred from another source—–>Maternal IgG crosses the placenta and protects the newborn during the first few months of life.
Active immunity is where specific protection induced following exposure to antigens
Ex. Vaccination & boosters
how is the newborn helped by mom to boost immunity
the mother gives IgG through the placenta
In cell differentiation, identify pluripotent stem cells, myeloid stem cells and lymphoid stem cells. What do they produce?
myeloid stem cells produce eosinophils
lymphoid stem cells produce T cells, B cells, NK cells
pluripotent stem cells produce any cell that the body could need.
define antigen and walk through the stages of the body’s response to a new antigen.
antigens are any foreign molecule in the body (non-self)
pathogen recognition by cells of the innate immune system, with cytokine release, complement activation and phagocytosis of antigens. the innate immune system triggers an acute inflammatory response to contain the infection.
