Inflammation + tissue repair - Midterm 1 Flashcards
Innate Immunity
-Inflamation
-Wound healing
We are born with innate immunity
What kind of response is there in muscular atrophy? What is there a reduction in?
There is an immediate reduction in oxygen consumption and amino acid uptake in muscular atrophy
The extent of cellular injury depends on?
Depends on the type, state, and adaptive process to the cell, as well as the type, severity, and duration of the harmful stimulus
Systemic manifestations of cellular injury
Fatigue
● Malaise (feeling of blah when you’re sick)
● Fever
● Loss of appetite / anorexia
● Elevated plasma membranes
○ Lactic dehydrogenase (LDH)
○ Creatine kinase (CK)
○ Troponin
● Triggers in ammatory response
Physiological atrophy Vs pathological atrophy?
Physiological: Occur with early development (thus undergoes physiological atrophy during childhood)
Pathological: occurs because of a decrease in workload, pressure, blood supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation, and nervous system stimulation
Systematic signs of acute inflammation
Fever – direct activity of cytokines or through local activity of prostaglandins
WBC count – increased neutrophils – ‘bands or a ‘shift to the left’ – premature neutrophils enter blood stream – indicate acute infection
Lethargy – stress induced –
ESR – rate at which red blood cells settle in saline solution – protein in plasma increased in infections – RBCs stack and become heavier – settle out of solution faster
C-reactive protein increases in response to inflammation – increased Sed rate and C-reactive protein – consider inflammation (Released from liver)
Caseous Necrosis
Caseous:
-Results from TB pulmonary infection (tissue looks like clumped cheese (soft + granular) - granulomatous inflammatory wall encloses it
What is hyperplasia? It results from?
It is an increase in the number of cells, resulting from an increased rate of cellular division
What is Asphyxiation?
Failure of cells to receive or use oxygen
Gas gangrene? Where can it occur?
Gas Gangrene: Caused by infection of injured tissue by clostrisum (C-diff)
-Can occur anywhere on body (limbs)
What is Apoptosis? In what conditions is it used?
An ACTIVE process of cellular self destruction
-Used in both normal and pathological conditions
the death of cells which occurs as a normal and controlled part of an organism’s growth or development.
Grangernous necrois (Wet Vs Dry), what is it a result of?
Grangrenous Necrosis:
-Refers to death of tissue resulting from severe hypoxia (wet = fast(usually occurs in internal organs) Dry = slow)
Can occur anywhere on body (limbs)
Result of: An untreated bacterial infection can cause gangrene Traumatic injury. Gunshot wounds or crushing injuries from car crashes can cause open wounds that let bacteria into the body.
What is Metaplasia? is it reversible or irreversible?
It is the reversible replacement of one mature cell type by another, sometimes less differentiated, cell type
Chronic infl ammation characteristics? How does inflammation become chronic?
-Last 2 weeks or longer
-Inflammation becomes chronic due to the persistence of infection, an antigen, or a foreign body in the wound
Long term, self- perpetuating, and often debilitating
Characterized by dense in ltration of macrophages and lymphocytes.
*Large amounts of neutrophil degranulation and death, activation of lymphocytes, and
concurrent activation of broblasts
What is Suffocation? What does it result in?
-Oxygen failing to reach blood ( systemic hypoxia, no air is exchanged in lungs)
- results from lack of O2 in environment or blockage of external airways
What is necrosis? It occurs as a result from?
Necrosis – swelling and bursting of the cell membrane – can also mean the death of most or all the cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury, or failure of the blood supply.
Dysfunction of mitochondria and lack features of apoptosis
What are antioxidants? what do they prevent?
healthy atoms that will share an electron with the free radical atom preventing it from attacking another healthy atom preventing cell damage
Pathological hypertrophy is secondary too? What is it associated with?
Secondary to hypertension, coronary heart disease, or problem valves, and is presumably a key risk factor for heart failure
-Associated with structural and functional changes to the heart
Granulomas are found in?
Chronic inflammation
How is acute inflammation characterized? What is it a result from?
Characterized by swelling, pain, heat, and redness. Results from vascular changes and subsequent leakage of circulating components into tissue.
What is Atrophy? Where does it most commonly occur? What happens if it occurs?
-Is a decrease or shrinkage in cellular size
-If it occurs in a sufficient number of an organs cells, the entire organ shrinks or becomes atrophic
-Can affect any organ but is most common in skeletal muscle, the heart, secondary sex organs, and the brain
What are the goals of the inflammatory response?
1.) Limit and control the injury process
2.)Limit bleeding - does this through platelets
3.)Limit infection
4.)Adaptive immune response
Fight infection and stop bleeding
Liquefactive Necrosis
Liquefactive:
-Results from injury to neurons/glial cells in the brain (cells are digested by their own hydrolases, and brain tissue becomes soft, liquefies, and forms cysts
What is a free radical?
Is an electrically uncharged atom or group of atoms that has an unpaired election. Having one unpaired electron makes the molecule unstable; the molecule then becomes stabilized by either donating or accepting an electron from another molecule
