Inflammation + tissue repair - Midterm 1 Flashcards
Innate Immunity
-Inflamation
-Wound healing
We are born with innate immunity
What kind of response is there in muscular atrophy? What is there a reduction in?
There is an immediate reduction in oxygen consumption and amino acid uptake in muscular atrophy
The extent of cellular injury depends on?
Depends on the type, state, and adaptive process to the cell, as well as the type, severity, and duration of the harmful stimulus
Systemic manifestations of cellular injury
Fatigue
● Malaise (feeling of blah when you’re sick)
● Fever
● Loss of appetite / anorexia
● Elevated plasma membranes
○ Lactic dehydrogenase (LDH)
○ Creatine kinase (CK)
○ Troponin
● Triggers in ammatory response
Physiological atrophy Vs pathological atrophy?
Physiological: Occur with early development (thus undergoes physiological atrophy during childhood)
Pathological: occurs because of a decrease in workload, pressure, blood supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation, and nervous system stimulation
Systematic signs of acute inflammation
Fever – direct activity of cytokines or through local activity of prostaglandins
WBC count – increased neutrophils – ‘bands or a ‘shift to the left’ – premature neutrophils enter blood stream – indicate acute infection
Lethargy – stress induced –
ESR – rate at which red blood cells settle in saline solution – protein in plasma increased in infections – RBCs stack and become heavier – settle out of solution faster
C-reactive protein increases in response to inflammation – increased Sed rate and C-reactive protein – consider inflammation (Released from liver)
Caseous Necrosis
Caseous:
-Results from TB pulmonary infection (tissue looks like clumped cheese (soft + granular) - granulomatous inflammatory wall encloses it
What is hyperplasia? It results from?
It is an increase in the number of cells, resulting from an increased rate of cellular division
What is Asphyxiation?
Failure of cells to receive or use oxygen
Gas gangrene? Where can it occur?
Gas Gangrene: Caused by infection of injured tissue by clostrisum (C-diff)
-Can occur anywhere on body (limbs)
What is Apoptosis? In what conditions is it used?
An ACTIVE process of cellular self destruction
-Used in both normal and pathological conditions
the death of cells which occurs as a normal and controlled part of an organism’s growth or development.
Grangernous necrois (Wet Vs Dry), what is it a result of?
Grangrenous Necrosis:
-Refers to death of tissue resulting from severe hypoxia (wet = fast(usually occurs in internal organs) Dry = slow)
Can occur anywhere on body (limbs)
Result of: An untreated bacterial infection can cause gangrene Traumatic injury. Gunshot wounds or crushing injuries from car crashes can cause open wounds that let bacteria into the body.
What is Metaplasia? is it reversible or irreversible?
It is the reversible replacement of one mature cell type by another, sometimes less differentiated, cell type
Chronic infl ammation characteristics? How does inflammation become chronic?
-Last 2 weeks or longer
-Inflammation becomes chronic due to the persistence of infection, an antigen, or a foreign body in the wound
Long term, self- perpetuating, and often debilitating
Characterized by dense in ltration of macrophages and lymphocytes.
*Large amounts of neutrophil degranulation and death, activation of lymphocytes, and
concurrent activation of broblasts
What is Suffocation? What does it result in?
-Oxygen failing to reach blood ( systemic hypoxia, no air is exchanged in lungs)
- results from lack of O2 in environment or blockage of external airways
What is necrosis? It occurs as a result from?
Necrosis – swelling and bursting of the cell membrane – can also mean the death of most or all the cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury, or failure of the blood supply.
Dysfunction of mitochondria and lack features of apoptosis
What are antioxidants? what do they prevent?
healthy atoms that will share an electron with the free radical atom preventing it from attacking another healthy atom preventing cell damage
Pathological hypertrophy is secondary too? What is it associated with?
Secondary to hypertension, coronary heart disease, or problem valves, and is presumably a key risk factor for heart failure
-Associated with structural and functional changes to the heart
Granulomas are found in?
Chronic inflammation
How is acute inflammation characterized? What is it a result from?
Characterized by swelling, pain, heat, and redness. Results from vascular changes and subsequent leakage of circulating components into tissue.
What is Atrophy? Where does it most commonly occur? What happens if it occurs?
-Is a decrease or shrinkage in cellular size
-If it occurs in a sufficient number of an organs cells, the entire organ shrinks or becomes atrophic
-Can affect any organ but is most common in skeletal muscle, the heart, secondary sex organs, and the brain
What are the goals of the inflammatory response?
1.) Limit and control the injury process
2.)Limit bleeding - does this through platelets
3.)Limit infection
4.)Adaptive immune response
Fight infection and stop bleeding
Liquefactive Necrosis
Liquefactive:
-Results from injury to neurons/glial cells in the brain (cells are digested by their own hydrolases, and brain tissue becomes soft, liquefies, and forms cysts
What is a free radical?
Is an electrically uncharged atom or group of atoms that has an unpaired election. Having one unpaired electron makes the molecule unstable; the molecule then becomes stabilized by either donating or accepting an electron from another molecule
Once there are changes to the (blank) and the (blank) are disrupted, the cell moves to irreversible injury and death
1.) Nucleus
2.) Cell membrane
What is Hypertrophy? What is it a response to? What organs are prone to it?
Is a consumption increase in the size of cells In response to mechanical stimuli the increases the size of the affected organ
Cells of heart and kidneys are particularly prone to enlargement
What is a wound that is deeper than it is longer? (can be surgical
Stab wound
What is a contusion and fracture?
Contusion: Crushing injury to the muscle
Fracture: Bone breaks or shatters
What is the most common cause of hypoxia? What causes it?
Ischemia (reduced blood supply)
-Common causes ingluse gradual narrowing of arteries, or complete blockage by blood clots or both
Granulomas are found in?
Chronic inflammation
Chronic inflamation definition? How is it characterized
Definition:
-Last longer than 2 weeks
-Related to unsuccessful acute inflammatory response
How?:
-Bacteria or foreign material remain in wound
-Microorganisms with cell walls insensitive to breakdown by phagocytes
-Microorganisms remain within the macrophage
-Chemicals can cause a prolonged inflammatory response
-Autoimmune disorder
Example of hypoxic injury?
Cerebral Palsy (CP)
■ Group of non-progressive syndromes causing varying degrees of motor dysfunction due to brain damage from hypoxic injury before, during, or shortly after birth
■ May have cognitive impairment
What does apoptosis depend on? What do they do?
Depends on caspases, which cause an amplifying suicide cascade, killing the cell quickly and neatly
What is Apoptosis?
Apoptosis - the death of cells which occurs as a normal and controlled part of an organism’s growth or development – orderly process
Cell size shrinks, nucleus fragments, plasma membrane intact, cellular contents released in APOPTIC BODIES (recognized by immune cells), often physiological
Signs that indicate progression to necrosis?
dense clumping + disruption of plasma/organelle membrane and genetic material
Endogenous antioxidant Vs Exogenous antioxidants
Endogenous antioxidant systems – come from within our own body (contributes to premature aging and degenerative diseases)-They are far more potent that exogenous antioxidants
Exogenous antioxidants – come from outside our body
What causes oxidative stress?
Inflammation
metabolism infection
stress
UV light
pollution
radiation
cigarette smoke
What is Ischemia?
Decreased blood flow to tissues
What is hypoxia?
Most common cause of cellular injury
Partial deprivation of oxygen
Fatty necrosis
Fatty: Cellular dissolution by lipases in breast, pancreas, and other abdominal structures.
Anoxia is?
Is a hypoxic injury
-Is a total lack of oxygen
What will Free Radicals attack? Why?
Free radicals are missing an electron and will attack a healthy atom to get the extra electron.
What are the major events in the local inflammatory response? What causes it?
Caused by an assault to the body
1.) Chemical signals released by activated macrophages and mast cells at the injury site cause nearby capillaries to widen and become more permeable
2.) Fluid,, antimicrobial proteins, and clotting elements move from the blood to the site (clotting begins)
3.) Chemokines released by various kinds of cells attract more phagocytic cells from the blood to the injury site
4.) Neurophils and macrophages phagocytose pathogens and cell debris at site, and tissue heals
What is oxidative stress?
not able to produce enough antioxidants to break down free radicals
How can the body counteract oxidative stress?
by producing antioxidants – either naturally or by consuming certain foods and supplements
Health promotion
What are the outcomes of cell injuries?
1.) Reversible cell injury
2.)Apoptosis and programmed cell removal
3.)Cell death and necrosis
What is Autophagy? What can it prevent?
Autophagy - consumption of the cell’s own contents as a metabolic process occurring in starvation and certain diseases. – can prevent apoptosis – autophagy of certain cell contents
consumption of the body’s own tissue as a metabolic process occurring in starvation and certain diseases.
Chronic inflamation definition? How is it characterized
Definition:
-Last longer than 2 weeks
-Related to unsuccessful acute inflammatory response
How?:
-Bacteria or foreign material remain in wound
-Microorganisms with cell walls insensitive to breakdown by phagocytes
-Microorganisms remain within the macrophage
-Chemicals can cause a prolonged inflammatory response
-Autoimmune disorder
an adapted cell is neither?
It is neither normal or injured, its condition lies somewhere between the two states
What is anoxia?
Total deprivation of oxygen
Systemic signs of chronic inflammation
Same as Acute:
Fever
Lethargy caused by affect on CNS
↑ ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rate) & ↑ C-reactive protein
Different from acute
*Granuloma
Hyperplasia of spleen or lymph nodes
Fluid exudation & edema
Depression
Insomnia
Weight loss/weight gain
What can excess ROS produce?
Irreversible damage to cellular components
(ROS serve as “redox” messengers in the regulation of intracellular signalling
Inflammation is caused by?
An assault to the body
Coagulative necrosis? what does it result from? Where does it occur?
1.) Coagulative
-Results from hypoxia due to ischemia/chemical injury occurs in kidneys, heart and adrenal glands
Goals of the inflammatory response?
Prevents infection and further damage
■ Contains bacteria
○ Limits and controls the in ammatory process
■ Prevents from spreading to healthy areas
○ Initiates adaptive immune response
○ Initiates healing
Signs of local acute swelling?
heat,pain,redness,swelling, and loss of function
What is Hypoxemia?
Reduced transfer of oxygen from lung to blood
Laceration Vs Incision
Laceration: Irregular cut from tearing (ragged, irregular abraded edges)
Incision: Longer than it is deep (Can be straight or jagged)
What is Dysplasia?
Abnormal changes in shape, size and organization of mature cells
Free radicals can cause several damaging effects by?
1.) Lipid peraxidation- Destruction of polyunsaturated lipids, leading to membrane damage and increased permeability
2.) Protein alterations - causing fragmentation of polypeptide chains that can lead to a loss and protein misfiling
3.)DNA damage - Causing mutations
Characteristics of a puncture wound?
Sharp point but not sharp edges
What does cellular aging cause?
-Structural and functional changes that eventually may lead to cellular death or a decreased capacity to recover from injury
