inflammation , tissue injury and neoplasms and atheroma Flashcards
what is apoptosis?
individual cell death
what is necrosis?
tissue death
what is resolution?
complete restoration of the tissues to normal after an episode of acute inflammation
What is organisation?
replacement by granulation tissue
Which cells are involved with chronic inflammation?
plasma cells
lymphocytes
macrophages
do macrophages produce cytokines?
yes
Name some mechanisms of cellular injury?
- membrane integrity
- impaired metabolism
- DNA damage or loss
- metabolite deficiency
What type of damage do these features describe?
- reduction in aerobic respiration
- increased anaerobic respiration
- cell swelling, accumulation of lipids
reversible damage
What type of damage do these features describe?
- severe damage to cell membrane and mitochondria
- profound ATP depletion
irreversible damage
What are the differences between apoptosis and necrosis?
apoptosis- cell death, energy dependent, can be physiological and pathological
necrosis- tissue death, non energy dependent, always pathological
After a fixed number of divisions , cells enter a non dividing stage. What is this called?
senescence
What is a cells hayflick number?
when the cell enters senescence
What is hyperplasia?
enlargement due to increase in number of cells.
is hyperplasia reversible or irreversible
reversible
What is hypertrophy?
enlargement due to increase in cell size
What is atrophy?
reduction in cell size and number
Is atrophy reversible and irreversible?
reversible
What is hypoplasia?
reduced size of an organ
What is metaplasia?
an acquired form of altered differentiation e.g Barrets oesophagus
What is a neoplasm?
an abnormal mass of tissue, the growth of which exceeds and is uncoordinated and persists in same excessive manner when stimuli is removed
What are the 2 different types of behavioural neoplasia?
benign and malignant
describe benign neoplasms
resemble normal tissue no invasion no necrosis dont spread (NOT CANCER)
describe malignant neoplasms
(CANCER) invasive growth pattern not encapsulated necrosis common may spread
What is dysplasia?
enlargement of organ or tissue by proliferation of abnormal cells
what does it mean that neoplasms are monoclonal?
they are derived from a single ancestor cell
What is angiogenesis?
growth of new capillary blood vessels in the body
what do oncogenes do?
stimulate proliferation and inhibit cell death
what do tumour suppressor genes do?
inhibit proliferation and stimulate cell death
What is Dukes staging?
A- confined to cell wall
B-penetrates wall but no lymph node metastasis
C-lymph node metastasis
D-metastatic disease
what is a labile cell?
one which is continuously dividing
What is a stable cell?
one with low level of replicative activity
what is a permanent cell?
a non dividing cell
name some atheroma risk factors
family history male smoking hypertension diabetes obesisty age geography hyperlipidaemia
