Inflammation repeat? Flashcards
What are the major characteristics of acute inflammation (4)?
- rapid course
- vasodilation
- increased vascular permeability
- accumulated neutrophils
Acute inflammation is associated with what type of physiologic responses (4)?
- circulatory
- cellular
- humoral (chemical)
- neurogenic
What are the two main characteristics of chronic inflammation?
- prolonged response
- proliferation of scar tissue
What are the benefits of inflammation (3)?
- localizes and dilutes infectious substances
- stimulates immune response:
- calls immune killer cells
- transports antibodies - promotes formation of fibrin clots (helps trap pathogens for macrophages)
What are the potential harms of inflammation?
- release of lysosomal enzymes which can damage tissue
- prolonged vascular pooling can lead to hypoxia
- excessive swelling
- excessive scarring (in prolonged response)
What are the 5 cardinal signs of acute inflammation?
- Heat
- Swelling
- Redness
- Pain
- Loss of function
What are the important causes of inflammation (6)?
- infection
- immune reaction
- mechanical injury
- infarctions
- hyper or hypo thermia
- exposure to chemical agents or radiation
Circulatory response to inflammation is characterized by
- vasodilation
- increased blood flow
- increased permeability
Lewis - triples stages of response of inflammation
- red line (flush)
- red flare
- wheal
What is the red line (of triple response of Lewis)?
- red line (flush) at site of injury: vasodilation, related to histamine release
What is red flare (of triple response of Lewis)?
Dilation of arterioles adjacent to the area of injury, which enlarges the red zone around the initial trauma.
**if there is neurological damage as a result of the injury, this stage of response will not occur.
What is wheal (of triple response of Lewis)?
Local swelling caused by fluid pooling from vasodilation.
What are exudates?
- fluid
- plasma proteins
- leukocytes
Escaping the dilated vessels into the tissue
What are the effects of direct endothelial injury?
detachment or necrosis that leads to gaps in the vessel walls
What are some causes of direct endothelial injury?
- radiation
- chemical or thermal injury (like sunburn)
- bacterial toxins
What is a reversible endothelial cell response to inflammation?
Cells contract and leave intercellular gaps - allowing for migration of immune response cells
What are the 3 patterns of exudates?
- serous
- fibrinous
- hemorrhagic
What are serous exudates?
Albumin and fluid —> straw colored fluid, usually reabsorbed when inflammation subsides
What are fibrinous exudates?
Fibrinogen has escaped into tissues (due to larger vessel wall gaps) —> thick deposits, can result in the formation of scar tissue
What are hemorrhagic exudates?
All blood components escaping due to extensive vessel wall damage
What is margination and rolling in immune response?
When leukocytes move from the center of a blood vessel (where transport is fastest) to the edges and begin to stick to the endothelium to prepare for diapedesis
What is pavementing in immune response?
When leukocytes that have migrated to the edges of the vessel begin to adhere to the endothelium - next step toward diapedesis
What is migration or chemotaxis in immune response?
When leukocytes actually escape through the endothelium into the tissue following cytokines
What are the 4 phases of phagocytosis?
- adhesion (opsonins help)
- ingestion
- intracellular killing using powerful reactive molecules, enzymes, and damaging proteins
- digestion
Which cells are the first line of defense?
When do they show up and what do they do?
Neutrophils - in the immediate response to acute inflammation, and only survive a few days.
They are phagocytic
When do monocytes and macrophages show up, and what do they do?
All phases of inflammation, but especially chronic.
They survive roughly two weeks, but are mitotic so the population can survive longer.
They are phagocytic AND secrete cytokines
