Inflammation repeat?

Question 1

What are the major characteristics of acute inflammation (4)?

Answer 1

• rapid course
• vasodilation
• increased vascular permeability
• accumulated neutrophils

Question 2

Acute inflammation is associated with what type of physiologic responses (4)?

Answer 2

• circulatory
• cellular
• humoral (chemical)
• neurogenic

Question 3

What are the two main characteristics of chronic inflammation?

Answer 3

• prolonged response

- proliferation of scar tissue

Question 4

What are the benefits of inflammation (3)?

Answer 4

• localizes and dilutes infectious substances
• stimulates immune response:
  - calls immune killer cells
  - transports antibodies
• promotes formation of fibrin clots (helps trap pathogens for macrophages)

Question 5

What are the potential harms of inflammation?

Answer 5

• release of lysosomal enzymes which can damage tissue
• prolonged vascular pooling can lead to hypoxia
• excessive swelling
• excessive scarring (in prolonged response)

Question 6

What are the 5 cardinal signs of acute inflammation?

Answer 6

• Heat
• Swelling
• Redness
• Pain
• Loss of function

Question 7

What are the important causes of inflammation (6)?

Answer 7

• infection
• immune reaction
• mechanical injury
• infarctions
• hyper or hypo thermia
• exposure to chemical agents or radiation

Question 8

Circulatory response to inflammation is characterized by

Answer 8

• vasodilation
• increased blood flow
• increased permeability

Question 9

Lewis - triples stages of response of inflammation

Answer 9

• red line (flush)
• red flare
• wheal

Question 10

What is the red line (of triple response of Lewis)?

Answer 10

• red line (flush) at site of injury: vasodilation, related to histamine release

Question 11

What is red flare (of triple response of Lewis)?

Answer 11

Dilation of arterioles adjacent to the area of injury, which enlarges the red zone around the initial trauma.

**if there is neurological damage as a result of the injury, this stage of response will not occur.

Question 12

What is wheal (of triple response of Lewis)?

Answer 12

Local swelling caused by fluid pooling from vasodilation.

Question 13

What are exudates?

Answer 13

• fluid
• plasma proteins
• leukocytes

Escaping the dilated vessels into the tissue

Question 14

What are the effects of direct endothelial injury?

Answer 14

detachment or necrosis that leads to gaps in the vessel walls

Question 15

What are some causes of direct endothelial injury?

Answer 15

• radiation
• chemical or thermal injury (like sunburn)
• bacterial toxins

Question 16

What is a reversible endothelial cell response to inflammation?

Answer 16

Cells contract and leave intercellular gaps - allowing for migration of immune response cells

Question 17

What are the 3 patterns of exudates?

Answer 17

• serous
• fibrinous
• hemorrhagic

Question 18

What are serous exudates?

Answer 18

Albumin and fluid —> straw colored fluid, usually reabsorbed when inflammation subsides

Question 19

What are fibrinous exudates?

Answer 19

Fibrinogen has escaped into tissues (due to larger vessel wall gaps) —> thick deposits, can result in the formation of scar tissue

Question 20

What are hemorrhagic exudates?

Answer 20

All blood components escaping due to extensive vessel wall damage

Question 21

What is margination and rolling in immune response?

Answer 21

When leukocytes move from the center of a blood vessel (where transport is fastest) to the edges and begin to stick to the endothelium to prepare for diapedesis

Question 22

What is pavementing in immune response?

Answer 22

When leukocytes that have migrated to the edges of the vessel begin to adhere to the endothelium - next step toward diapedesis

Question 23

What is migration or chemotaxis in immune response?

Answer 23

When leukocytes actually escape through the endothelium into the tissue following cytokines

Question 24

What are the 4 phases of phagocytosis?

Answer 24

• adhesion (opsonins help)
• ingestion
• intracellular killing using powerful reactive molecules, enzymes, and damaging proteins
• digestion

Question 25

Which cells are the first line of defense?

When do they show up and what do they do?

Answer 25

Neutrophils - in the immediate response to acute inflammation, and only survive a few days.

They are phagocytic

Question 26

When do monocytes and macrophages show up, and what do they do?

Answer 26

All phases of inflammation, but especially chronic.

They survive roughly two weeks, but are mitotic so the population can survive longer.

They are phagocytic AND secrete cytokines