Inflammation and Repair

Question 1

5 cardinal signs of inflammation

Answer 1

Heat (calor)
Redness (rubor)
Swelling (tumor)
Pain (dolor)
Loss of function (functio laesa)

Question 2

Classfication of inflammatory response based on severity

Answer 2

Mild, Moderate, Severe

Question 3

Classification of inflammatory response based on duration

Answer 3

Peracute, acute, subacute, chronic

Question 4

Classification of inflammatory response based on distribution

Answer 4

localized/focal, generalized/diffuse, multifocal/disseminated, locally extensive/regionally diffuse

Question 5

Classification of inflammatory response based on type of exudate

Answer 5

serous, catarrhal, suppurative, hemorrhagic, fibrinous, granulomatous

Question 6

Lesions are barely discernable histologically

Answer 6

Minimal

Question 7

Little to no tissue destruction and little cellular exudation. Grossly detectable only if reddened or swollen

Answer 7

Mild

Question 8

Usually some tissue damage. Usually grossly visible, cellular exudation and vascular reaction easily detectable histologically

Answer 8

Moderate

Question 9

Considerable tissure damage and extensive cellular exudaation easily detected grossly. Inflammation in the tissue is so severe it is almost not recognizable.

Answer 9

Severe

Question 10

Inflammation that lasts minutes-hours after initiation.

Hallmarks: edema (pus-filled), hyperemia, possible hemorrhage, minimal cellular infiltration, ex: hives, urticaria

Answer 10

Peracute

Question 11

Inflammation that lasts hours to 3-5 days after initiation

Hallmarks: edema, extensive vascular engorgement with possible thrombosis, fibrin exudation then neutrophils, lymphatic dilation leading to swollen regional lymph nodes, 5 cardinal signs in inflammation are very evident

Answer 11

acute

Question 12

Inflammation that lasts several (3-5) to many days (7-14)

Hallmarks:
minimal edema (pus reabsorbed), decreased vascular changes, changes of infiltrating leukocytes from neutrophils to lymphocytes, macrophages, and plasma cells, gradual transformation from acute to subacute and subacute to chronic

Answer 12

subacute

Question 13

Inflammation that lasts 7-14 days until resolution or death

Hallmarks:
angiogenesis, fibroplasia, regeneration: clear manifestation of host reparative processes, inflammatory cells are predominantly macrophages, possible formation of epitheloid cells and multinucleate giant cells, also infiltration of lymphocytes and plasma cells

Answer 13

chronic

Question 14

Single lesion, size not indicated, surrounded by normal appearing tissue, discrete (easily recognizeable)

Answer 14

Focal inflammation

Question 15

Scattered numerous focal lesions, sometimes modified with- to confluence or -to coalescing, when focal begin to merge

Answer 15

Multifocal

Question 16

used when a large region of an organ is diffusely involved

Answer 16

locally extensive

Question 17

lengthwisee portions of a tubular organ diffusely involved and interspesed among relatively normal portions, primarily used in the intestine

Answer 17

segmental

Question 18

all the tissue or organ is involved, severity may vary across the tissue, but the entire organ is invlved

Answer 18

diffuse

Question 19

Protein-rich fluid exudate
Inflammatory edema
From plasma or secreted by serous mesothelial cells
Watery-type runny nose
Blister (shown here is peracute to acute)

Answer 19

Serous

Question 20

Inflammation of a mucosal surface which is predominantly characterized by hypersecretion of mucus

Answer 20

Catarrhal

Question 21

Protein-rich exudate with adequate vascular permeability such that fibrinogen escapes the vessels and polymerizes in the tissue or on a surface to form fibrin

Answer 21

Fibrinous

Question 22

Gross appearance of fibrin

Answer 22

White to yellow, easily broken down, usually adherent mat of exudate on a serous or mucosal surface
Flecks to clumps of fibrin are frequently free-floating within fibrin exudates
Associated with acute inflammation

Question 23

Fibrous connective tissue, which is a product of fibroblasts. It is tough, white, and chronic

Answer 23

fibrous

Question 24

Fibrin & is a product of the coagulation cascade
It has low strength & is associated with acute inflammation
Fibrin forms the scaffold for fibroblasts to migrate across for wound healing

Answer 24

Fibrinous

Question 25

Used for all inflammatory processes when neutrophils are the principle cellular infiltrate

Answer 25

Suppurative (Purulent)

Question 26

most frequently associated with pyogenic (pus-forming) bacterial infections

Answer 26

Pure Suppurative Inflammation

Question 27

the principal component of pus, along with dead cell, serum, etc

Answer 27

Neutrophils

Question 28

accumulation of pus in a natural/body cavity

Answer 28

Empyema

Question 29

pus accumulated along a natural tissue plane (usually referred to as cellulitis)

Answer 29

Phlegmon

Question 30

Abscesses are localized accumulations of pus & are frequently surrounded by a connective tissue capsule ex: Boils, strangles in horses

Answer 30

Suppurative (purulent)

Question 31

Characterized by a nearly pure infiltrating population of lymphocytes &/or plasma cells

Answer 31

Lymphocytic (Lymphoplasmacytic) Exudate

Question 32

Seen most commonly with immune mediated disease & some viral diseases

Answer 32

Lymphocytic (Lymphoplasmacytic) Exudate

Question 33

Also called histiocytic inflammation

Answer 33

Granulomatous exudate

Question 34

Exudation of monocytes which mature into macrophages that can further differentiate into epitheloid cells & merge to form multinucleate giant cell

Answer 34

Granulomatous exudate

Question 35

are localized accumulations of macrophages usually centered around the causative agent or necrotic debris

Answer 35

Granulomas

Question 36

Appear grossly as a mass with or without a caseous center

Answer 36

Granulomas

Question 37

chronic & is usually accompanied by fibrosis around or within the reaction

Answer 37

Granulomatous Inflammation

Question 38

Characterized by infiltration of eosinophils

Answer 38

Eosinophillic Inflammation

Question 39

Usually associated with parasitism or allergic disease & some fungi (pithium)

Answer 39

Eosiniphillic Inflammation

Question 40

Give exudate a lime green tint

Answer 40

Eosinophils

Question 41

refers to a fibrinonecrotic, adherent pseudomembrane which is easily stripped away leaving an intact mucosal surface below

Answer 41

Diphtheritic

Question 42

exudate forms a confluent layer of debris over the mucosal surface

Answer 42

Pseudomembranous

Question 43

inflammation refers to an inflammatory process in which hemorrhage is the primary sign

Answer 43

Hemorrhagic Inflammation

Question 44

vascular damage allows the Red Blood Cells to leak into the injured area and is a prerequisite for this type

Answer 44

Hemorrhagic inflammation

Question 45

8 Cellular Components of Inflammation

Answer 45

1) Neutrophils 2) Eosinophils 3) Mast cells & Basophils 4) Macrophages 5) Lymphocytes & Plasma cells 6) Platelets (revisited) 7) Endothelial cells 8) Fibroblasts

Question 46

First line of cellular defense

Answer 46

Neutrophils

Question 47

Increase number of IMMATURE neutrophils in the blood circulation, bands cells & occasionally metamyelocyte

Answer 47

Left Shift

Question 48

indicates is a serious inflammation occurring because the cells are being rapidly pulled out before they can finish developing in order to fight the infection

Answer 48

Left Shift

Question 49

Increase number of hypersegmented or matured neutrophils in peripheral circulation

Answer 49

Right Shift

Question 50

neutrophils remained in circulation for an extended period instead of migrating into the tissues.

Answer 50

Right Shift

Question 51

neutrophils with five or more distinct separations between nuclear lobes

Answer 51

Right Shift

Question 52

increases in the circulating levels of exogenous or endogenous corticosteroids.

Answer 52

Right Shift

Question 53

marked neutrophilia associated with chronic inflammatory states and for a brief period after treatment or elimination of the source of inflammation.

Answer 53

Right Shift

Question 54

Second most abundant granulocyte (0.5-5% of circulating WBC)

Answer 54

Eosinophils

Question 55

Increases due to Parasites, allergic inflammation, & certain fungal/protozoal infections

Answer 55

Eosinophils

Question 56

stain violet with special histological stains & routine cytological stains

Answer 56

Mast cells and Basophils

Question 57

cells of the immune system of the hematopoietic lineage that remain widely distributed in vascularized tissues throughout the body.

Answer 57

Mast cells

Question 58

unlike other immune cells, do not remain in the blood but remain localized in mucosal and epithelial tissues throughout the body.

Answer 58

Mast cells

Question 59

these are produced from the bone marrow and are released into the blood as undifferentiated cells. These cells then mature after they leave the blood and reach the specialized tissues.

Answer 59

Mast Cells

Question 60

Can regenerate granules after degranulation, Retain proliferative capacity (can reproduce wherever they are)

Answer 60

Mast cells

Question 61

are specialized cells involved in the detection, phagocytosis and destruction of bacteria and other harmful organisms

Answer 61

Macrophages

Question 62

Macrphages that are located in the lung alveoli.

Answer 62

Alveolar macrophage

Question 63

Macrophages located in the liver

Answer 63

Kupffer cells

Question 64

Macrophages locatde in the central nervous system

Answer 64

Microglia

Question 65

Macrophages located in the surface of bone

Answer 65

Osteoclast

Question 66

Macrophages located in the spleen marginal zone, red and white pulp

Answer 66

Splenic Macrophages

Question 67

Any substance that binds to particulate antigens & induces their phagocytosis by macrophages & neutrophils

Answer 67

Opsonin

Question 68

The fibrinous inflammation of the pericardial sac

Answer 68

Fibrinous pericarditis (shipping fever pneumonia)