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Pathology 2420 Part 1 > Inflammation and Repair > Flashcards

Inflammation and Repair Flashcards

1
Q

What is an Abscess?

A

A painful collection of pjs, usually caused by a bacterial infection

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2
Q

How does an Abscess occur?

A

When the puss is localized to a cavity (caused by tissue destruction) and it may become “walled off”

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3
Q

What is Purulent/Suppurative Inflammation?

A

Inflammation caused by pjs producing (pyogenic) bacteria such as Staphylococcus

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4
Q

What type of necrosis can Staphylococcus cause?

A

Liquefactive tissue necrosis

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5
Q

What are common sites for abscesses?

A
  • skin (groin, axilla, perianal)
  • mouth (teeth)
  • GI: around gut
  • lung
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6
Q

Why can it be difficult for antibiotics to gain access to an abscess?

A

Because the inflammation in an abscess is walled off from the surrounding tissues and there are no blood vessels in the pus/fill/necrotic centre

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7
Q

What is the usual treatment for skin abscesses?

A

Incision and drainage

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8
Q

How are deeper abscesses treated?

A

Surgery

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9
Q

What is Fibrinous Inflammation?

A

When vascular permeability is greatly increased, larger molecules such as fibrinogen can pass through the inter endothelial spaces, causing a building up of fibrin

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10
Q

Where can fibrinous exudates occur?

A
  • pleural space
  • pericardial space
  • meninges
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11
Q

How can Fibrinous Pericarditis occur?

A
  • due to an exaggerated immune response following myocardial infarction or cardiac surgery
  • if a patient has uraemia or autoimmune disease such as SLE
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12
Q

What areas can Serious Inflammation affect? (4)

A
  • pericardium
  • pleura
  • peritoneum
  • spaces created by cell injury
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13
Q

How does serious inflammation occur?

A

From exudation of “cell poor” fluid

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14
Q

What is Effusion?

A

When serious inflammation occurs in the pleura/pericardium

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15
Q

What is Ascites?

A

When serious inflammation occurs in the peritoneum

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16
Q

What is a Bulla/Blister?

A

When serious inflammation occurs in the skin

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17
Q

What are Ulcers?

A

Local defects that occur on mucosal surfaces creating a breach/hole in the mucosa

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18
Q

Where are typical sites for Ulcers to occur?

A
  • skin
  • oral mucosa
  • GI tract
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19
Q

What is Erosion?

A

Similar to ulcers, but do not go the whole way through the muscosa

20
Q

What are the outcomes of acute inflammation?

A
  1. Compete resolution
  2. Healing by connective tissue replacement (scarring, fibrosis)
  3. Progression to chronic inflammation
21
Q

What is Chronic Inflammation?

A

Inflammation that has been present for weeks or months. Usually accompanied by attempts at tissue repair

22
Q

What are potential causes of chronic inflammation?

A

persistent infection/injury
- tuberculosis
Hypersensitivity
- Rheumatoid arthritis, Asthma
Chronic exposure to toxins
- silicosis, atherosclerosis

23
Q

What is Silicosis?

A

An inflammatory disease caused by silica inhalation

24
Q

What are the different chronic inflammatory cells?

A
  • macrophages
  • lymphocytes
  • plasma cells
  • eosinophils
25
Q

What are Granulomas?

A
  • special type of chronic inflammation
  • consisting of activated macrophages usually surrounded by a rim of T lymphocytes
  • often attempt to contain something that is difficult to eradicate such as a foreign body
26
Q

What are Epithelioid Histiocytes?

A

When the activated macrophages of granulomas tend to accumulate cytoplasm

27
Q

What are Langhan’s cells?

A

When many macrophages fuse to form multinucleate giant cells

28
Q

What are the common sites for Granulomas?

A
  • lungs
  • lymph nodes
  • GI tract
29
Q

What are the potential infectious causes of Granulomas?

A
  • mycobacterial
  • fungal
  • bacterial
30
Q

What are the potential non-infectious causes of Granulomas?

A
  • sarcoidosis
  • Vasculitis
  • Crohn’s Disease
  • Foreign body reaction
  • Malignancy
31
Q

What are Nasal Polyps?

A

Soft, painless, noncancerous growths on the lining of your nasal passages or sinuses that develop as a consequence of repeated bouts of rhinitis which may be allergic or infectious

32
Q

What is Allergic Rhinitis?

A

A type 1 hypersensitivity reaction mediated by IgE

33
Q

What are Eosinophils?

A

Common inflammatory cells in IgE mediated immune reactions

34
Q

What are Macrophages?

A

The dominant cell type in many chronic inflammatory reactions

35
Q

What are Lymphocytes?

A
  • Major players in adaptive immunity
  • activated by microbes and other environmental antigens
  • release cytokines which amplify and sustain the inflammatory response
36
Q

What are the 3 major types of Lymphocytes?

A
  • T cells
  • B cells
  • NK (natural killer) cells
37
Q

What are plasma cells?

A

Type of differentiated B cells
- make antibodies/immunoglobulins

38
Q

What is the onset of Acute Inflammation?

A

Sudden, accompanied by 1 or more cardinal signs:
- redness
- swelling
- heat
- pain
- limited function

39
Q

What is the duration of Acute Inflammation?

A

Hours to days

40
Q

What is the major cell type of Acute Inflammation?

A

Neutrophils

41
Q

What is the morphology of Acute Inflammation?

A

Vascular and exudative changes

42
Q

What are some examples of Acute Inflammation?

A
  • cut or scrape
  • bee sting
  • Acute pneumonia
43
Q

What is the onset of Chronic Inflammation?

A

Occurs if the injurious agent persists or organism is not eradicated from body

44
Q

What is the duration of Chronic Inflammation?

A

Weeks to months

45
Q

What is the major cell type of Chronic Inflammation?

A

Increase in macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells and eosinophils

46
Q

What is the morphology of Chronic Inflammation?

A

Proliferation of connective tissue and vessels

47
Q

What are some examples of Chronic Inflammation?

A
  • wood splinter
  • tuberculosis
  • syphilis
  • fungal
  • rheumatoid arthritis
  • asthma

Pathology 2420 Part 1 (6 decks)

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