INFLAMMATION AND REPAIR

Question 1

Inflammation is microscopically composed of three essential features:

Answer 1

Hyperemia
Exudation of fluid and proteins
Emigration of leukocytes

Question 2

Hyperemia is associated with well-known microvascular changes which occur in the Lewis triple response which are

Answer 2

Flush
Flare
Wheal

Question 3

This Lewis response is due to capillary dilation

Answer 3

flush

The flush – a dull red line, immediately following the stroke and is due to capillary dilatation

Question 4

This Lewis response is due to arteriolar dilation

Answer 4

flare

The flare – a bright red irregular surrounding zone, and is due to arteriolar dilatation

Question 5

This pertains to the increased passage of protein-rich fluid through the vessel wall into the interstitial tissue.

Answer 5

Exudation

Question 6

This microscopic component of inflammatory response explains the wheal of the Lewis triple response

Answer 6

Exudation

Question 7

This content of the exudate limits the spread of bacteria

Answer 7

o Contents of the fluid: Globulins – protective antibodies Fibrin deposition – helps to limit the spread of bacteria Various factors promoting subsequent healing

Question 8

Which cells and molecules are involved in Acute and Chronic Asthma?

Answer 8

Eosinophils and IgE antibodies

Question 9

Which cells and molecules are involved in septic shock?

Answer 9

cytokines

Question 10

Which cells and molecules are involved in Atherosclerosis?

Answer 10

macrophages and lymphocytes

Question 11

Which cells and molecules are involved in Pulmonary fibrosis?

Answer 11

macrophages and fibroblasts

Question 12

Choose: Acute vs chronic inflammation
Prominent local and systemic signs

Answer 12

acute inflammation

Question 13

Choose: Acute vs chronic inflammation
severe and progressive tissue injury or fibrosis

Answer 13

Chronic inflammation

Question 14

Which cells and molecules are involved in the inflammatory response of glomerulonephritis?

Answer 14

Antibodies and Complement; neutrophils and monocytes

Question 15

This reaction of widespread pathologic abnormalities caused by some disseminated bacterial infections is called

Answer 15

sepsis

• one form of the systemic inflammatory response sydrome

Question 16

This characteristic of acute inflammation is the exudation of fluid and plasma proteins

Answer 16

edema

Question 17

Predominat leukocytes in acute inflammation

Answer 17

neutrophils

Question 18

These stimuli may elicit inflammation by themselves or because thet cause traumatic tissue injury or carry microbes

Answer 18

Foreign bodies

Question 19

These are reactions in which the normally protective immune system damages the individual’s own tissues

Answer 19

Immune reactions (also called Hypersensitivity)

Question 20

What is the initiating step of inflammatory reactions?

Answer 20

Recognition of microial components or sunstances released from damaged cells

Question 21

Which parts of the cell express receptors to sense the presence of foreign invaders in any cellular compartment?

Answer 21

plasma membrane (for extracellular microbes)
cytosol (for intracellular microbes)
endosomes (for ingested microbes)

Question 22

The cytosolic receptors of cells, upon recognition of molecyles liberated or altered due to cell damage, activate a multiprotein cytosolic complex called the:

Answer 22

inflammasome

Question 23

This is the cytokine induced by inflammasomes upon activation during cell injury

Answer 23

IL-1

Question 24

Which antagonists are effective in addressing the Gain-of-function mutations in the genes encoding some of the receptors are the cause of rare diseases grouped under autoinflammatory syndromes?

Answer 24

IL-1 antagonists

Question 25

After opsonization, which part of the antibodies coating microbes is recognized by some leukocytes through receptors?

Answer 25

Fc tails

Question 26

What is the circulating protein that recognizes microbial sugars and promotes ingestion of the microbes and the activation of the complement system?

Answer 26

Mannose-binding lectin

Question 27

The 5 Rs (Steps) of the inflammatory response include:

Answer 27

Recognition [of the injurious agent]
Recruitment [of leukocytes]
Removal [of the agent]
Regulation [or control of the response]
Repair (or Resolution)

Question 28

The three components of acute inflammation

Answer 28

Vasodilation of SMALL VESSELS
Increased permeability of MICROvasculature
Emigration, accumulation and activation of leukocytes

Question 29

What are the vascular reaction of acute inflammation

Answer 29

Changes is blood flow
Increased Permeability

Question 30

This pertains to the escape of fluid, proteins, and blood cells from the vascular system into the INTERSTITIAL tissue or BODY CAVITIES

Answer 30

exudation

Question 31

This is a fluid with low protein content (most of which albumin), little or no cellular material, and low specific gravity, and is essentially an ultrafiltrate of blood plasma that is produced as a result of osmotic or hydrostatic imbalance across the vessel wall without an increase in vascular permeability

Answer 31

transudate

Question 32

This is an inflammatory exudate rich in leukocytes (mostly neutrophils), the debris of dead cells, and, in many cases, microbes

Answer 32

pus or purulent exudate

Question 33

Which blood vessel is initially involved in the vasodilation during inflammation?

Answer 33

arterioles

(then leading to opening of new capillary beds in the area)

Question 34

The slower blood flow, concentration of red cells in small vessels, and increased viscosity of the blood during inflammation results in engorgement of small vessels with slowly moving red cells, a condition termed:

Answer 34

stasis

Question 35

What is the normal hydrostatic pressure at the arterial and venous end of the capillary bed, respectively?

Answer 35

32 mmHg and 12 mmHg

Question 36

What is the mean colloid osmotic pressure in normal tissues, that is equal to the mean capillary pressure?

Answer 36

25mmHg