Inflammation and Repair Flashcards by Nabi Reign

Innate immunity

Acute Inflammation

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Acute inflammation

shorter duration
initial, rapid response
exuadation of fluid and plasma proteins (EDEMA)

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Chronic inflammation

if acute fails to clear the stimulus
longer duration
presence of lymphocytes and macrophages, proliferation of blood vessels and disposition of connective tissue
more tissue destruction

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Response of vascularized tissues to infectious organism and tissue

Inflammation

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Causes of inflammation

Infections
Immune reactions
Foreign bodies (Endogenous,Exogenous, Cholesterol crystal, and Lipids)
Tissue necrosis

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Steps in inflammation

Recognition
Mediators (amines,cytokines)
Recruitment, Plasma 
Vasodilation, Elimination
Fibroblast

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Leucocyte recruitment

2nd step in acute inflammation

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Termination of response

4th step in acute inflammation

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Steps in acute inflammation

Blood vessels reactions
Leucocyte recruitment
Phagocytosis and Cleaning of offending agents
Termination response

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Change in blood flow

Vasodilation

Stasis and accumulation of leucocytes specifically neutrophils along the endothelium

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Migration of tissue toward chemotactic stimulus

Chemotaxis

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Integrins

cells adhere firmly

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Acid proteases

degrade bacteria and debris

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Mediators of acute inflammation

Vasoactive amines
Arachidonic acid metabolites
Cytokines

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Critical step in complement activation

Proteolysis

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Morphologic patterns of acute inflammation

Ulcers
Purulent Inflammation
Serous Inflammation
Fibrinous Inflammation

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Skin blisters

Serous Inflammation

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Pus

Purulent Inflammation

Causes of Chronic Inflammation

Persistent infections
Autoimmunity
Allergy
Prolonged exposure to toxic agents

Morphologic Patterns of chronic

Infiltration w/ mononuclear cells
Tissue destruction
Attempts at healing by connective tissue replacement of damaged tissues

Proliferation of small blood vessels

angiogenesis

Mediators of chronic inflammation

Macrophages
Lymphocytes
Eosinophils
Neutrophils

Lungs

Macrophages

Classical and ALternative pathway

IFN-Y
IL-4
IL-5
IL-13

Epitheloid Cells

activated macrophages may develop abundant cytoplasm begin to resemble epithelial cells

Systematic effects of inflammation

Leucocytosis Fever Septic shock Production of acute-phase proteins

Regeneration

able to replace the damaged components and essentially return to a normal state

Release histamine and Prostaglandins

Mast cells

Steps in repair

Angiogenesis Formation of granulation site Remodelling of connective tissue

Foreign body Granuloma

incited by relatively inert forign bodies | e.g talc, sutures and other large fibres that cannot phagocytized

Patches

Scar formation

Involves combination of regeneration and scarring

healing by second intention

Specialized niches

Canals of Hering

beneath the scab of skin wound

granulation tissue

Epidermis recovers its normal thickness

weeks

Abnormalities in tissue repair

Dehiscene Ulceration Excessive formation of the repair components Contracture

Contraction

mediated by a network of myofibroblast

Neoplasm lie in the interface between benign and malignant

Desmoids/ aggressive fibromatoses

Inadequate vascularization

Ulceration

Abdominal surgery

Dehiscence

The epithelial layer is involved

Healing by first intention

Collagen fibers and fibroblast are evident

3-7 days

1st, 24 hours

Rapid activation of coagulation pathways a scab covering the wound is formed Neutrophils are present Epithelial proliferation begins at the edge of the wound

Blanching begins

weeks