Inflammation

Question 1

Bovine acute mastitis

Answer 1

inflammation of mammary gland. Common diagnostic: leukocytes in milk.

Question 2

Inflammation definition

Answer 2

defence reaction of living tissue against damage, aimed at removing the cause of injury and repairing the tissue

Question 3

Acute inflammation

Answer 3

fights early stage of infection, prepares tissue repair process

Question 4

Chronic inflammation

Answer 4

continuous presence of macrophages in injured tissue, mostly when cause of inflammation is not removed

Question 5

Exogenous causes of inflammation

Answer 5

physical agents (fractures, foreign objects, burns, freezing)
Chemical agents: toxic gases, acids/bases
Biological agents: bacteria, viruses, parasites, fungi

Question 6

Endogenous causes of inflammation

Answer 6

Circulation disorders (thrombosis)
Metabolic products (uric acid, urea)

Question 7

hallmarks of inflammation!

Answer 7

redness, pain, swelling, heat, loss of function

Question 8

What causes “heat” in inflammation?

Answer 8

vasodilation to the injured tissue bringing lots of blood flow

Question 9

What causes “redness” in inflammation?

Answer 9

increased blood flow to tissue!

Question 10

What causes “swelling” in inflammation?

Answer 10

fluid leakage into the tissues due to increased vascular permeability

Question 11

What causes “pain” in inflammation?

Answer 11

inflammatory mediators released by leukocytes in the damaged tissue

Question 12

Pro-inflammatory cytokines that mediate inflammation

Answer 12

TNF-alpha and IL-1 –> fever, stress hormones, production of IL-6, IL-8, IFN-gamma
IL-6 –> release of CRPs
IL-1, 6, 8 –> promote chemotaxis, induce extravasation, degranulation of neutrophils

Question 13

Complement components mediation of inflammation

Answer 13

C3a, C5a –> increase vascular permeability

All –> Stimulate chemotaxis of granulocytes

Question 14

Prostaglandins mediation of inflammation

Answer 14

contribute to vasodilation, capillary permeability, pain, fever
lower BP, potentiate effects of histamine
TXA2 –> promote platelet aggregation

Question 15

Vasoactive amines in inflammation

Answer 15

found at high concentrations in mast cells, platelets. Cause dilation and increased permeability of capillaries. Act through histamine and serotonin receptors

Question 16

Platelet activating factor in inflammation

Answer 16

induces platelet aggregation, activates neutrophils, attracts eosinophils, contributes to edema

Question 17

Plasma proteases in inflammation

Answer 17

kinins - increase capillary permeability and pain

clotting factors - help final clotting stages

Question 18

Phase 1 of vascular response

Answer 18

momentary vasoconstriction

Question 19

Phase 2 of vascular response

Answer 19

active vasodilation!

Increased blood flow to area, active hyperemia

Question 20

Phase 3 of vascular response

Answer 20

passive vasodilation
blood vessels stop reacting to nervous/humoral stimuli
increase in vascular permeability causing swelling, loss of function

Question 21

Cellular response of inflammation

Answer 21

movement of leukocytes to damaged tissue

Question 22

Types of CAMs

Answer 22

Selectins
Mucins
Integrins
Ig-CAMs

Question 23

Selectins

Answer 23

Selectin L (on leukocytes) binds selectin P/E on endothelium.

Question 24

Mucins

Answer 24

Bind to selectins

Question 25

Integrins

Answer 25

heterodimers that bind to Ig-CAMs. Leukocyte integrin = CD18. Mutated CD18 = LAD

Question 26

Ig-CAMs

Answer 26

Bind to integrins. Expressed on endothelial cells. Some Ig-CAMs have a mucin domain so they can bind to selectins as well. MAdCAM-1 responsible for binding leukocytes to the mucosa

Question 27

Steps of leukocyte extravasation

Answer 27

Rolling - leukocyte mucins bind to selectins E and P Activation - increase in cytokine release activates Adhesion - integrins on leukocytes bind to endothelial Ig-CAMs Diapedesis - due to binding of PECAM-1

Question 28

Neutrophil extravasation molecules

Answer 28

1. Selectin L binds PSGL-1 (rolling) 2. IL-8, MIP-1beta (activation) 3. CD18 responsible for adhesion 4. chemokine gradient (diapedesis)

Question 29

Monocyte extravasation molecules

Answer 29

1. CD62L for rolling 2. MCP-1 for activation 3. PECAM-1 for diapedesis Complement receptors involved in extravasation

Question 30

Chemokines that activate lymphocytes in HEV

Answer 30

CCL19, CCL21, CXCL12

Question 31

Manifestations of systemic inflammation

Answer 31

Acute phase response, alterations in WBC counts, high fever, sepsis and SIRS

Question 32

Acute phase response

Answer 32

change in serum proteins during inflammation APP - proteins whose concentrations change during this response Synthesis (in liver) induced by pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-alpha, IL-1, IL-6

Question 33

APP in Cat

Answer 33

SAA

Question 34

APP in Dog

Answer 34

CRP, SAA

Question 35

APP in Horse

Answer 35

SAA

Question 36

APP in Cow

Answer 36

Hp, SAA

Question 37

APP in Pig

Answer 37

CRP, Pig-MAP

Question 38

Systemic effects of inflammation

Answer 38

loss of appetite, altered sleep, lethargy, muscle wasting, metabolic acidosis

Question 39

Inflammation resolution

Answer 39

Must be done to prevent damage. TGF-beta, IL-4 and IL-10 used to downregulate response. Anti-inflammatory molecules will be upregulated, apoptosis of pro-inflammatory cells, production of anti-inflammatory lipoxins

Question 40

Outcomes of inflammation

Answer 40

resolution, fibrosis (tissue destruction), abscess formation, chronic inflammation