Inflammation

Question 1

DAMPS and PAMS?

Answer 1

Damage Associated Molecular Patterns and Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns

Question 2

Aim of Inflammation?

Answer 2

Non specific ceullular response designed to remove cause and consequence of injury

Question 3

4 signs of acute inflammation?

Answer 3

Rubor

Calor

Tumour

Dolor

Question 4

3 main steps of acute inflammation?

Answer 4

Changes in local blood flow

Structural changes in microvasculature

Recruitment/accumulation of immune cells and proteins

Question 5

3 damage changes?

Answer 5

Inflammatory signals- non-apoptic cell death and foreign material

Vasodilators released- histamine and nitric oxide

Vascular changes- increased permeability, dilation, reduced flow and plasma leakage

Question 6

Exudate?

Answer 6

Fluids, proteins and cells that seep out of blood vessels and form a barrier between inflamed and healthy tissue

Question 7

Chemokine role and example?

Answer 7

DIffuse out towards blood vessels and attract leukocytes with chemokine receptors

Receptors CXCR1 and CXCR2 on neutrophils bind to chemokine CXCL8 or IL-8 and migrate to site of inflammation

Question 8

4 stages of neutrophil extravasation?

Answer 8

Chemo-attraction, upregulation of selectins

Rolling adhesion- carbohydrate ligands in a low affinity state on neutrophils bind to selectins

Tight adhesion- chemokines promote low to high affinity switch in integrins LFA-1, Mac-1 which enhances binding to ligands

Transmigration- cytoskeletal rearrangement of neutrophil and extension of pseudopodia, mediated by PECAM molecules

Question 9

3 functions of neutrophils at site of inflammation?

Answer 9

Pathogen recognition, e.g CD14 to identify LPS in gram-negative bacteria

Pathogen clearance- phagocytosis, netosis

Cytokine secretion- recruitment and activation of immune cells

Question 10

Resolution of acute inflammation?

Answer 10

Pathogen recognition

Short half life of neutrophils

Macrophages clear apoptotic cells and produce anti-inflammatory mediators

Question 11

3 persistent inflammatory stimulii in chronic inflammation?

Answer 11

Prolonged infection- antigens, allergens and pollutants

Unclearable particulates

Self antigens

Question 12

Distinct immune cell infiltration?

Answer 12

Inflammatory macrophages, T cells and plasma cells

Question 13

3 facts about macrophages?

Answer 13

Can be recruited as monocytes to tissue or can be tissue resident

Phagocytic, cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, wound repair

Bad- cytotoxic, inflammatory and pro-fibrotic

Question 14

2 lymphocytes recruited?

Answer 14

T cells for specificity, inflammation and cytotoxic

B cells for generating plasma cells, protection, clearing infection and can be local or operate remotely

Question 15

Granulomatous inflammation?

Answer 15

Chronic inflammation with distinct pattern of granuloma formation

Barrier is aggregation of activated macrophages

Question 16

Differences between Acute and Chronic inflammation?

Answer 16

Question 17

Positives vs negatives of inflammation?

Answer 17

Inflammatory agent cleared, damaged cells removed, tissue function removed

Tissue damage, scarring, loss of organ function or organ failure

Question 18

Wound healing leads to?

Answer 18

Leads to ECM (collagen) deposition