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Pathology > Inflammation > Flashcards

Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

Can you list the five cardinal signs of inflammation?

A

Heat, Pain, swelling, reddening, Loss of function,

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2
Q

What occurs during the transient stage of inflammation?

A

blood vessel constriction. Only lasts seconds.

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3
Q

What do mast cells secrete?

A

Histamine, Heparin and serotonin

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4
Q

What effect do selectin and integrins have?

A

They are adhesion molecules that attract inflammatory cells and cause loss of axial stream

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5
Q

Describe the appearance of a neutrophil

A

Multi-lobed nuclei and indistinctly granulated

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6
Q

Describe the appearance of an eosinophil

A

Multi-lobed nuclei with distinct granules

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7
Q

What 3 inflammatory cells produce pyrogens?

A

Eosinophils, Macrophages and Neutrophils

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8
Q

What are the 6 stages of inflammation?

A
  1. Vasoconstriction. 2.Dilation. 3. Exudation. 4. Margination of leukocytes. 5. Emmigration of leukocytes through endothelium. 6. Pyrexia
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9
Q

What role does fibrin play in exudation fluid?

A

It is sticky and can bind to irritants neutralising them, it also provides a scaffold for leukocytes to travel over.

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10
Q

What kind of inflammation would you get with a mild vascular injury?

A

Serous inflammation

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11
Q

Describe catarrhal inflammation?

A

It is milk inflammation from mucous membranes. Contains mucous, mucous cells, RBS, neutrophils and fleck of fibrin.

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12
Q

What kind of inflammation results in a yellowish coagulum on the surface or inside a tissue?

A

Fibrinous inflammation

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13
Q

What kind of inflammation is associated with acute viral, bacterial infections and toxins?

A

Haemorrhagic

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14
Q

What kind of inflammation is a bruise?

A

Haemorrhagic

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15
Q

Where do the digestive enzymes in a abscess come from?

A

Dead and dying neutrophils

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16
Q

What is the difference in outcomes between a surface abscess and an internal one?

A

Surface abscess bursts and pygogenic agents and pus are expelled. Internal abscess is contained in fibrous capsule and is eventually turned into fibrous tissue.

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17
Q

What leukocytes are associated with acute inflammation?

A

Macrophages and Neutrophils

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18
Q

What cells are associated with chronic inflammation?

A

T cells, B cells, Plasmas cells, macrophages, fibroblasts and endothelial cells.

19
Q

What are macrophages derived from?

A

Monocytes

20
Q

What’s an epitheloid cell?

A

When a macrophage becomes primarily secretory rather than phagocytic

21
Q

Describe the 3 layers of a granulosa

A

Outer fibrous capsule, layer of chronic inflammatory cells and a central core containing pathogenic agent of irritant.

22
Q

What is the term for the production of immature scar tissue?

A

Fibroplasia

23
Q

What are the 2 main cells involved in repair?

A

Endothelial cells and fibroblasts

24
Q

What are the different outcomes of peritonitis in the house and peritonitis in the ox?

A

The ox can wall it off so usually fine. Usually fatal in the horse.

25
Q

Define Repair

A

Repair is the replacement of damaged tissue by fibrous tissue

26
Q

Define Regeneration

A

Regeneration is the replacement of damaged tissue with functional normal tissue.

27
Q

what is labile tissue?

A

Constantly replacing itself throughout life such as mucous membranes and skin.

28
Q

What is stable tissue?

A

Has limited capability to repair but can replace damaged cells OR has capacity to enlarge to meet increased demand

29
Q

what is permanent tissue and can you give an example?

A

No regenerative capacity. Neurons

30
Q

What are the four stages of skin wound healing?

A

Haemostasis. Inflammation. Repair. Consolidation/Regeneration

31
Q

What’s the difference between infectious and non infectious arthritis?

A

Infectious comes into joint capsule via inoculation, blood or surrounding tissue but non-infectious is a degenerative immune mediated disease.

32
Q

What is the distribution of bronchopneumonia caused by an airborne agent?

A

Mainly in the proximal parts of the lungs and in airways

33
Q

Beta-defensins are found where and do what?

A

Anti-microbial and found in the gut.

34
Q

What is a common cause of fibrosis of the liver in horses?

A

Ragwort poisoning

35
Q

What bacteria can cause gangrenous mastitis?

A

S. Aureus

36
Q

What is perivascular cuffing?

A

Several layers of lymphocytes that collect around a blood vessel and can restrict flow.

37
Q

What is a neutrophil ‘left shift’?

A

High concentration of band neutrophils

38
Q

What is septicaemia?

A

Highly pathogenic bacteria multiplying rapidly in the blood.

39
Q

What do tachykinins and bradykinins cause?

A

Pain, increase blood flow, swelling

40
Q

Action of the acute phase proteins?

A

Pyrexia

41
Q

What effect do prostaglandins have in inflammation?

A

Increase blood flow, swelling, pain and cause an increase in temp.

42
Q

How is arachidonic acid formed?

A

cleaved from cell membrane by phospholipase A2

43
Q

What does LOX create from arachidonic acid?

A

leukotrines and Lipoxins

44
Q

What is the effectof TxA2?

A

Vasoconstriction

Pathology (4 decks)

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