Inflammation

Question 1

Define inflammation

Answer 1

It is a series of defensive biological reactions to harmful agents that lead to pain, redness, swelling, heat and loss of function in the affected areas of the body.

Question 2

Discuss the inflammatory response and the cells involved in acute inflammation

Answer 2

Acute inflammation is a short term, normal process that protects and heals the body

• It is achieved by the increased movement of plasma and leukocytes from the blood into injured tissues
• Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) are the first cells to arrive at the site
• PMNs release cytokines
• The liver produces C-reactive protein (CRP)

Question 3

List and define the 5 cardinal signs of inflammation

Answer 3

• Heat (calor) - a localized rise in temperature due to an increased amount of blood at the site
• Redness (rubor) - the result of increased blood in the area
• Swelling (tumor) - the result of accumulation of plasma and leukocytes at the site
• Pain (dolor) - excess fluid in the tissues puts pressure on sensitive nerve endings, causing pain
* Loss of function (functio lasea) - the result of swelling and pain

Question 4

Discuss the inflammatory cells and chemical mediators associated with chronic inflammation

Answer 4

Chemical mediators are biologically active compounds secreted by cells that activate the body’s inflammatory response. Important mediators include:
• Interleukins 1, 6 and 8 (IL-1, IL-6, and IL-8)
• Leukotrienes
• Prostaglandins (PGs)
* Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α)

Question 5

Describe the process of the inflammation response

Answer 5

1. Tissue invasion by bacteria
2. Triggers increase in blood flow and permeability
3. Permeable blood vessels allow leakage of phagocytes to site of infection
4. Phagocytes migrate from chemotaxis to site of infection and destroy bacteria