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Pathology > Inflammation > Flashcards

Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

rubor

A

redness

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2
Q

calor

A

heat

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3
Q

dolor

A

pain

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4
Q

tumor

A

edema

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5
Q

functio laesa

A

loss of function

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6
Q

Cardinal signs of acute inflammation

A

rubor, calor, dolor, tumor, functio laesa

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7
Q

systemic effects of inflammation

A

fever, weight loss, systemic lymph node enlargement, amyloidosis (protein build up in tissue)

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8
Q

acute inflammation - 3-4 phases

A

exudative, necrosis, cellular (principally neutrophilic), reparative

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9
Q

chronic inflammation

A

macrophages and lymphocytes

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10
Q

Function of Inflammation

A

biologic defense mechanism

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11
Q

exudative phase

A

hyperemia due to vasodilation and increased vascular permeability (endothelial gaps due to endothelial cell contraction or cytoskeletal reorganization which is long lived but take awhile)

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12
Q

transudate

A

ultrafiltrate of plasma (clear and watery)

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13
Q

exudate

A

larger plasma proteins (fibrinogen) and cells (neutrophils)

–> more viscous

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14
Q

What causes vasodilation?

A

Histamine, nitric oxide, prostaglandins

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15
Q

phases of vascular permeability

A

early - histamine and bradykinin
later - IL-1, TNF alpha, IFN gamma, hypoxia, leukotrienes (later ones last longer)
**permeability will increase to all of these

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16
Q

hydrothorax

A

transudate in thorax

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17
Q

True/False: acute inflammation has fibrin?

A

True

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18
Q

The acute inflammatory response occurs simultaneously with activation of the _________ immune system.

A

Innate

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19
Q

Classes of Chemical mediators

A

vasoactive amines, plasma proteins and proteases, AA metabolites, cytokines, NO, ROS

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20
Q

Vasoactive Amines

A

Histamine, serotonin, bradykinin, tachykinin

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21
Q

4 things of kinins

A

1) vasodilation 2) increased vascular permeability 3) pain mediators 4) bronchoconstrictors

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22
Q

True/False: Histamine is 10X more potent than bradykinin.

A

FALSE: Bradykinin is 10X more potent than histamine

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23
Q

Explain Factor XII

A

this activates either the kinin cascade or the clotting cascade, your clotting and kinin cascade can produce fibrin or plasmin and activate the complement cascade

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24
Q

Arachidonic acid

A

20 carbon USFA - released by phopholipases, used for biosynthesis of ecosinoids, creates two pathways: cyclooxygenase pathway and lipoxygenase pathway
1) vasodilation 2) vasoconstriction 3) inhibition or promotion of platelet aggregation 4) increased vascular permeability 5) chemotaxis

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25
Q

What are the major cytokines of inflammation?

A

IL-1 and TNF alpha

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26
Q

Function of Nitric oxide

A

vasodilation, decrease platelet aggregation, WBC adhesion

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27
Q

True/False: Basophils contain heparin.

A

False - they contain histamine

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28
Q

Where do Mast cells come from? Basophils?

A

both from myeloid lineage in the bone marrow

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29
Q

True/Fasle: Mast cells are normally present in CT and not the blood?

A

TRUE

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30
Q

True/False: Mast cells only contain histamine and not heparin like basophils?

A

False, they contain both hisamine and heparin

31
Q

3 roles of mast cells

A

1) allergic and anaphylactic reactions (receptors for IgE) 2) defense against parasites 3) extracellular matrix remodeling

32
Q

Upon binding of IgE, what do mast cells release?

A

histamine, proteases, chemotactic factors

33
Q

What are the two cytokines released by basophils?

A

IL-4 and IL-13

34
Q

Neutrophil facts

A

born in bone marrow, short lived, do not recirculate, lots of these in dogs, cats, and people
first inflammatory cells recruited to site of insult, mobile, respond to chemotaxis, phagocytize, release mediators of inflammation

35
Q

differentiate between oxygen independent vs oxygen dependent killing

A

you know - dependent (ROS), independent (lysozyme, actoferrin, defensins, BPI)

36
Q

List some cytoplasmic granules from neutrophils…

A

myeloperoxidase (potent killer of microbes), defensins, lysozyme, lactoferrin, adhesion molecule receptors, enzymes such as proteases

37
Q

True/False: the H2O2-myeloperoxidase-haylide system is the most efficient bactericidal system in neutrophils.

A

TRUE

38
Q

True/False: macrophages are more efficient than neutrophils at killing bacteria?

A

False, opposite

39
Q

We see neutrophilia mainly in acute or chronic inflammation?

A

acute

40
Q

Left shift

A

increased bands in neutrophils

41
Q

degenerative left shift

A

bone marrow has more immature neutrophils than mature and releases them early

42
Q

True/False: Neutrophils are the most abundant granulocyte in the circulation.

A

True

43
Q

Eosinophil granules contain…

A

MBP - major basic protein
eosinophilic cationic protein
enzymes
chemical mediators that neutralize heparin and histamine

44
Q

Eosinophil function…

A

1) motility 2) kill helminths and other parasites (MBP) 3) participate in allergic reactions 4) phagocytosis (much less effective than PMNs and macrophages)

45
Q

You’ll commonly see eosinopenia and neutrophilia concurrently usually without left shift, monocytosis, and lymphopenia. Explain this statement in laymens terms.

A

If you have low eosinophils, you’ll have high neutrophils, high monocytes, and low lymphocytes. This is called the stress leukogram. Common in sick, small animal patients.

46
Q

Differentiate between monocytes and macrophages.

A

Macrophages have more cytoplasmic vacuoles, granules. and ingested debris.

47
Q

Is a macrophage in the blood?

A

NO, monocytes are, but become macrophages in the tissue

48
Q

True/False: Macrophages can live in the tissues for months - years and they are capable of division.

A

TRUE!!

49
Q

What are the major components of the mononuclear phagocyte system? MPS

A

Monocytes, Macrophages, Dendritic cells

50
Q

Hallmark of Granulomatous inflammation

A

epithelioid macrophages

51
Q

Multi-nucleated Giant Cells

A

fusion of macrophages - occur in granulomatous inflammation

52
Q

3 main functions of macrophages

A

1) phagocytosis 2) secretion 3) Ag presentation

53
Q

How do macrophages contribute to the healing process?

A

they clean up debris at sites of inflammation which neutrophils do not do

54
Q

A granuloma is caused by this pathogen.

A

Mycobacterium sp. - agents that resist phagocytosis

55
Q

The oxygen dependent bacterial killing system by macrophages is carried out by which ROS?

A

NO

56
Q

List the 6 Antioxidants found in serum, tissue fluids, and target cells

A

1) Ceruloplasmin (copper)
2) Transferrin
3) superoxide dismutase
4) catalse (H2O2)
5) glutathione peroxidase
6) Vitamins A, C, and E

57
Q

Function of Antioxidants

A

neutralize ROSes

58
Q

General Characteristics of Lymphocytes

A

1) limited motility
2) no phago
3) lymphocytes recirculate

59
Q

YOU ROCK THIS SHIT

A

YOU ROCK THIS SHIT

60
Q

Lymphocyte Function

A

1) secrete cytokines
2) B lymphocytes differentiate into plasma cells (humoral)
3) NK cells and cytotoxic T cells kill certain virus infectious cells

61
Q

Lymphocytes are present in both subacute, and chronic phase - True/False

A

True

62
Q

What are plasma cells?

A

terminally differentiated B lymphocytes who secrete immunoglobulins

63
Q

T/F Plasma cells are capable of division.

A

False

64
Q

Are plasma cells in acute or chronic inflammation?

A

Chronic

65
Q

What are the main chemical mediators of acute phase response?

A

IL-1 and TNF alpha

66
Q

Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome

A

1) DIC (disseminated intravascular coagulation)
2) Heart failure
3) lung damage
4) MOF - multiple organ failure

67
Q

7 signs of Acute Inflammation

A

1) fever
2) production of acute phase proteins
3) leukocytosis (increase WBC)
4) anemia
5) thrombocytosis
6) cardiovascular changes
7) anorexia and lethargy

68
Q

Acute phase proteins - function

A

1) bind microbial wall for opsonization
2) bind to necrotic cell chromatin - aid in debris removal
3) substrate for fibrin production to aid in hemostasis

69
Q

What are mononuclear cells?

A

Lymphocytes, plasma cells, macrophages

70
Q

T/F: Vascular changes and fluid accumulation are not components of chronic inflammation.

A

True!

71
Q

fibrosis - acute or chronic

A

chronic!! acute - fibrinous

72
Q

What is a major activator of macrophages?

A

IFN gamma

73
Q

what is a granuloma?

A

a focus of chronic inflammation consisting of epithelioid macrophages surrounded by a collar of lymphocytes and plasma cells

Pathology (3 decks)

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