inflammation

Question 1

What are the 5 cardinal signs

Answer 1

Redness
Swelling 
Heat 
Pain 
Loss of function

Question 2

What occurs before inflammation

Answer 2

whitening, wheal and flare

Question 3

What is neurogenic inflammation and how does it work and give an example

Answer 3

inflammation driven by nerves once they are excited they release substance P which acts on neighbouring nerves and sensitises them to bradykinin

-example is migraine

Question 4

why is neurogenic inflammation described as antidromic

Answer 4

the signal travels in the opposite direction as well as going to the brain/ spinal cord

Question 5

Describe characteristics of acute inflammation

Answer 5

-short-term, rapid onset, day-weeks duration
-increase in vascular permeability causes swelling there is an accumulation of WBC at the site
-

Question 6

Describe characteristic of chronic inflammation

Answer 6

• long term, gradual, long duration
• more fibrous tissue, fibroblasts seal off area as body tries to contain the inflammation, this causes loss of function
• mainly macrophages found in this type inflammation

Question 7

What are the possible out come of acute inflammation

Answer 7

• resolution = body deals with inflammation by removing stimulus causing inflammation
• suppuration = abscess forms
• healing = scar tissue is left which causes loss of function
• chronic inflammation = if body can’t deal with acute inflammation becomes chronic e.g. if inflammation occurs in hard to reach areas like bones or foreign matter embedded deep OR intracellular infection e.g. TB so immune system cant reach area t deal with issue

Question 8

Process of inflammation - blood flow changes

Answer 8

• there is initial venule constriction causes whitening in triple response
• then there is vasodilation of arterioles + venules increases blood flow into area but local veins constrict so more blood coming in less going increases hydrostatic pressure
• this forces plasma out blood vessels go immune system cells can go to where they are needed neutrophils first to site eat up pathogen and die 3-4 life span
• reduces blood volume - reduces blood flow rate in vessels encourages cell adhesion (WBC attach to molecules to get through endothelial cells) + blood clotting (seal off injury site prevent bacteria spreading to blood)

Question 9

process of inflammation - vascular permeability

Answer 9

increase hydrostatic pressure –> tissue fluid leaks out this exudate allows dilution of toxins and also carries foreign matter to lymph glands to initiate immune response

Question 10

negatives of inflammatory response

Answer 10

swelling = losss function
slowing blood flow = can cause ischemia 
inappropriate inflammation- 
- type 1 hypersensitive  = allergy 
-type 2 hypersensitivity= autoimmune e.g. RA