Inflammation

Question 1

Define acute inflammation

Answer 1

Rapid and non-specific response

Orchestrated by mediators released from injured cells

Question 2

Define inflammation

Answer 2

Complex reaction that acts as a protective mechanism to clear and deal with consequences of damaging event

Question 3

Define chronic inflammation

Answer 3

Persistent response in an attempt to heal/rectify co-existing ongoing damage

Question 4

What are the 4 cardinal signs of acute inflammation?

Answer 4

Rubor (redness)
Calor (heat)
Tumour (swelling)
Dolor (pain)

Question 5

What are the 3 main components of acute inflammation?

Answer 5

Alteration in blood vessels increase flow
Structural change in microvasculature allows proteins and leukocytes to leave circulation
Emigration, accumulation and activation of leukocytes at injury site

Question 6

What effect does histamine release from mast cells have?

Answer 6

Vasodilation

Increased vascular permeability

Question 7

What does vasodilation induce?

Answer 7

Heat
Redness of inflammation
Increased permeability

Question 8

What is exudate?

Answer 8

Result of increased vascular permeability
High protein content
High specific gravity
Contains cells and debris
May be purulent

Question 9

What is the purpose of exudate?

Answer 9

Dilute and wall off pathogens
Permits spread of soluble inflammatory mediators
Provides substrate for inflammatory cell migration

Question 10

Outline the leukocyte response in acute inflammation

Answer 10

Neutrophils and macrophages arrive at site
Kill bacteria and eliminate foreign and necrotic material
Produce factors and mediators that interact with other cells

Question 11

What is the process of extravasation of leukocytes?

Answer 11

Margination
Rolling
Adhere to activated endothelium
Migrate over endothelium
Migrate through tissues

Question 12

How is the acute inflammatory response terminated?

Answer 12

Inflammatory mediators and neutrophils have short 1/2 life
Macrophages, mast cells and lymphocytes release a number of anti-inflammatory products
Cause of injury is removed

Question 13

What cells are involved in the acute inflammatory response?

Answer 13

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Mast cells

Question 14

What characterises chronic inflammation?

Answer 14

Mononuclear cell infiltrate
Tissue destruction induced by persistent agent
Attempts at healing by replacing damaged with connective tissue

Question 15

What cells are involved in chronic inflammation?

Answer 15

Macrophages
Lymphocytes
Plasma
Granulation tissue

Question 16

Define granulomatous inflammation

Answer 16

Pattern of chronic inflammation showing granuloma formation

Question 17

What are the causes of granulomatous inflammation?

Answer 17

Infections
Foreign material
Tumour reactions
Granulomatous disease

Question 18

What histological features characterise granulomatous inflammation?

Answer 18

Swirl in centre with giant cells around it trying to clear something

Question 19

What histological features characterise acute inflammation?

Answer 19

Neutrophils with multi-lobed nuclei
Eosinophils stain pink
Mast cells lilac cytoplasm

Question 20

What histological features characterise chronic inflammation?

Answer 20

Many lymphocytes and plasma cells - looks like a mess