inflammation Flashcards
inflammatory process
- Increased blood flow
- Increased permeability
- Leukocytes
SS of infection localized
Localized H- heat I- Idle P- pain E- edema R- redness
SS of infection systemic
• Fever • Leukocytosis o Increase in WBC • Malaise o Feeling of unwellness • Nausea • Anorexia • P temp, HR could go up
ppl at risk
Populations at Risk • Anyone!! • Particularly - Elderly & Young Individual Risk Factors • Auto immune disease • Genetic component • Environment they are exposed to (pollultion)
Communicable disease
is the infectious process transmitted from one person to another. Pathogen – microorganism capable of producing illness
Carriers
are animals of persons who show no symptoms of illness but who have pathogens on or in their bodies that can be transferred to others.
Pandemic
worldwide epidemic of a disease.
Colonization
occurs when a microorganism invades the host but does not cause infection
Immunization
process by which resistance to an infectious disease is produced or augmented.
Spore
remain viable even when deprived of water and resistant to drying
Epidemic
more cases of an infectious disease than is normal for the population of geographic area.
examples of Bacterial, Viral, Fungal, Parascitic, Other type of infection
Bacterial - pneumonia, Cdif, Viral - hepatitis, hpv, Fungal - pandetitis, ringworm Parascitic - malaria, Other type - opportunistic - infection that develops because of severely compromised host
THE POTENTIAL FOR MICROORGANISMS TO CAUSE DISEASE DEPENDS ON:
- Sufficient number of organism - sometimes you don’t need a lot of them sometimes you do need a lot
- Virulence – ability to produce disease
- Ability to enter and survive in the host
- Susceptibility of the host
WHAT DOES A RESERVOIR REQUIRE FOR PATHOGENS TO THRIVE
- Dark
- Moist
- Warmth
- Something to feed on
- Alkaline pH about 5-8
SS of infection
Localized • Reddness • Swelling • Pain • Heat • Edema • Purulent drainage • Depending on what organism it is for what its causing Systemic • much sicker patients • Fever
types of exudate
Serous
Sanguineous
Serosanguineous
Purulent
risk factors for infection
• Broken skin/mucosa • Traumatized tissue • Decreased ciliary action • Obstructed urine flow • Altered peristalsis • Change in ph • Decreased mobility • Decreased hemoglobin • Suppression of WBC • Suppressed inflammatory response • Low WBC - eg someone receiving chemo radiation
most critical lab test for infection
most critical lab test for infection 5 to 10 x10(9)/L there are 5 primary types
- Neutrophils
- Lymphocytes
- Monocytes
- Eosinophils
- Basophils
when can u have active immunity to something
Active immunity to microorganisms does not occur until there is natural exposure or immunization that leads to the development of antibodies
complications of infection
Dehydration • Increased metabolic rate • Diaphysis • Nausea • Vomiting • Diarrhea Abscess formation • pocket of puss Endocarditis • Inflammation infection into their heart Infectious disease-related cancers • Hep B and C Infertility • Cervical cancers Congential abnormalities • Rubella Septicemia sepsis, bacteremia, septic shock • Cleaning cat liter
sepsis
Potentially life-threatening complication of an infection.
Chemicals released into the bloodstream to fight the infection trigger inflammatory responses throughout the body.
Any type of infection — bacterial, viral or fungal — can lead to sepsis, most likely varieties include: pneumonia, abdominal infection, kidney infection, bloodstream infection (bacteremia)
This inflammation can trigger a cascade of changes that can damage multiple organ systems, causing them to fail.
medical/surgical asepsis
- Medical asepsis–procedures used to reduce and prevent the spread of microorganisms ex. Hand hygiene, clean gloves, sterile asepsis = surgical instruments
- Surgical asepsis–practices that keep an area or objects free from all microorganisms non pathogenic and pathogenic including spores and viruses
contact precautions
Reduce transmission by direct skin-to-skin or indirect with contaminated objects
Examples:
• Acute diarrhea
• VRE + MRSA
airborne precautions
Reduce transmission of airborne droplets or dust particles containing the infectious agent. Examples: • TB • Chicken pox • measles
droplet precautions
Reduce transmission of large droplets generated during coughing, talking, sneezing or suctioning.
Can infect others if droplets land on conjunctivae, nasal mucosa or mouth.
Examples:
• Meningitis
• Influenza
• Mumps, pertussis, diptheria
MRSA
Staphylococcus live in the mm of the respiratory tract and skin
• Community and hospitals
• Silent carriers – colonized bacteria grow on the anterior part of nose
• After exposure can live on a person’s hands for more than 3 hours
VRE
- Primarily found GI and female genital tracts as part of normal flora
- Direct contact
- Bacteria can live on equipment and environmental surfaces
Cdiff
- Produces two endotoxins that can cause damage to mucosal lining of the bowel
- Forms spores – can live for months on environmental sources.
- Most common healthcare associated diarrhea
- Mild diarrhea to life-threatening pseudomembranous colitis
THE FOUR MAJOR ELEMENTS OF PREVENTIVE PRACTICE:
CNO Practice Standard:
- hand hygiene
- PPE
- proper care of equipment .. Proper disposal of sharps
- health practices of nurse
WHAT ARE THE MAJOR SITES FOR NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS?
- Catheters
- Blood
- Respiratory infections
- Surgical or traumatic wounds
