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PoD > Inflammation > Flashcards

Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

what is the purpose of acute inflammation?

A

To maintain integrity of the organism

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2
Q

what is acute inflammation?

A

It is a series of protective changes occurring in a living tissue as response to injury

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3
Q

Give 3 signs of accuse inflammation…

A

Rubor, calor, tumor,dolor, loss of function

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4
Q

Give 3 causes of acute inflammation…

A
  1. pathogenic organisms (bateria, virus, fungi, parasites)
  2. Trauma (injury)
  3. Upset to chemical balance
  4. Extreme conditions
  5. Dead tissue
  6. hypersensitivity
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5
Q

where does acute inflammation take place?

A

In the macrocirculation

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6
Q

What effect does increasing the radius of the blood vessel have on the flow of blood?

A

It increases the blood flow and causes redness of the skin, heat is also radiated

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7
Q

minuet increase in vessel radius causes….. increase in blood flow

A

Massive

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8
Q

what are the three steps in acute inflammation?

A
  1. increasing radius of the blood vessels
  2. increase permeability of blood vessels
  3. movement of neutrophils
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9
Q

what is the result of increasing vessel permeability?

A

It is a localised vascular response which results in exudation

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10
Q

what is present in the exudate that is leaked?

A

a protein rich solution with plasma, immunoglobulins and fibrinogens

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11
Q

what effect does the exudation have?

A

causes oedema (swelling)

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12
Q

what is the purpose of swelling?

A

It causes pain and therefore the function is reduced reducing further damage

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13
Q

increased permeability reduces the flow in the vessels why is that important?

A

It means that stasis is returned to normal

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14
Q

what is normal laminar flow?

A

erythrocytes are flow faster near the vessel wall and the smaller WBC flow in the middle

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15
Q

why is laminar flow reversed in acute inflammation?

A

the WBC are attracted to the vessel wall for easy transport to the affected area

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16
Q

what occurs during margination?

A

The neutrophils move to endothelium of vessel

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17
Q

What happens during pavementing?

A

Neutrophils adhere to the endothelium

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18
Q

what happens during emigration?

A

the neutrophils squeeze through the endothelium tissue- active process

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19
Q

why are the cardinal signs a benefit of acute inflammation?

A

they generally cause loss of function and so they act as a protection method

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20
Q

what is the function of the plasma proteins?

A

to localise the process

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21
Q

what is the purpose of neutrophils?

A

to destroy organisms and denature antigen for microphages

22
Q

what cells are the central cells when dealing with acute inflammation?

A

Neutrophils

23
Q

how do the neutrophils move towards the foreign antigen?

A

utilising the cytokine concentration gradient

24
Q

what immune mechanism do they use?

A

Phagocytosis

25
Q

what is the result of releasing granules?

A

the neutrophils die

26
Q

they release enzymes why is this helpful?

A

it increases the specificity of the reactions to follow

27
Q

The neutrophils produce a “soup” what is this known as?

A

pus

28
Q

how does the fibrinogen act?

A

to form a mesh like structure to isolate the infection and prevent spread

29
Q

Give example of cell surface mediators

A

ICAM-1

30
Q

what is the function of cell surface mediators?

A

they help the neutrophils stick

31
Q

what type of mediator is Histamine?

A

Mediator released from the cells

32
Q

where is histamine performed?

A

MAST CELLS

33
Q

what is the purpose of histamine?

A

causes vasodilation

increases permeability

34
Q

what is the purpose of Serotonin?

A

Prevents the immune response from leaving the site of infection

35
Q

what are cytokines?

A

They are small molecules produced by microphages, lymphocytes and endothelium

36
Q

the initial systemic effects of inflammation are …

A
  1. Pyrexia (raised temp)
  2. feeling unwell (malaise, nausea)
  3. Neutrophila (raised WBC count)
37
Q

Long term systemic effects of acute inflammation are?

A
  1. Lymphadenopathy (regional enlargement of lymph nodes)
  2. Weight loss
  3. Anaemia
38
Q

what is suppuration?

A

Pus formation

39
Q

what is found in pus?

A

dead tissue, exudate, neutrophils, fibrin, red cells, debris

40
Q

What walls off the pus?

A

pyogenic membrane

41
Q

what is it called when pus is collected under pressure?

A

Abscess

42
Q

what is a multiloculated access?

A

when the pus bursts through the pyogenic membrane and forms new cavities

43
Q

what is it called if pus leaks into the blood stream?

A

Pyaemia

44
Q

What is organisation?

A

an outcome of acute inflammation

45
Q

What is granulation tissue formed of?

A

New blood vessels
Fibroblasts and collagen
Microphages

46
Q

What is the formation of new blood vessels called

A

Angiogenesis

47
Q

what is bacteraemia?

A

bacteria in the blood

48
Q

what is septicaemia?

A

growth of bacteria in the blood

49
Q

what is toxaemia?

A

toxin products in the blood

50
Q

what are some signs of septic shock?

A

peripheral vasodilation
tachycardia
hypotension
pyrexia

51
Q

what is the outcome of septic shock?

A

Tissue hypoxia
haemorrhage
RAPIDLY FATAL

PoD (1 decks)

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