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HistoPath > Inflammation > Flashcards

Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

List of cells and molecules involved in inflammation

A

Leukocytes
Endothelial cells
Cells and extracellular matrix of the surrounding tissue
Plasma proteins

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2
Q

List of cells that releases plasma proteins

A

Platelets
Endothelial cella
Inflammatory cells

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3
Q

Types of inflammatory

A

Acute inflammation

Chronic inflammation

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4
Q

It is rapid onset, characterized by exudation of fluid and protein from vessels and emigration of neutrophils. It only last for minutes to days.

A

Acute inflammation

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5
Q

Longer time course. It involves different cell types. Tissue repair coexist with tissue destruction

A

Chronic inflammation

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6
Q

What are the different cell types involve in Chronic Inflammation?

A

Lymphocyte and Macrophage

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7
Q

5 signs/symptoms of inflammation

A 
Heat
Pain
Swelling
Redness
Loss of function
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8
Q

Causes of Acute inflammation

A 
Infection
Trauma
Physical and Chemical agents
Necrosis
Foreign bodies
Immune reactions
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9
Q

Stages of Acute Inflammation

A
  1. Vasodilation
  2. Increase vascular permeability
  3. Movement of the WBC from the blood vessel into soft tissue at the site of inflammation
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10
Q

Occurs through the release of mediators from cell

A

Vasodilation

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11
Q

What cells releases Histamine

A

Mast cells
Basophils
Platelets

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12
Q

What are the three mediators that are released that causes Vasodilation

A

Histamine
Prostaglandin
Nitric Oxide

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13
Q

Mediator that is responsible for pain/fever

A

Prostaglandin

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14
Q

True or False: Vasodilation decreases the hydrostatic pressure by slowing of blood flow

A

False

*increases

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15
Q

Allows fluid to cross the interstitial tissue. Is it when retraction of endothelial cells happen.

A

Increase vascular permeablity

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16
Q

3 steps: Movement of the WBC from the blood vessel into soft tissue at the site of inflammation

A

▪️Rolling
▪️Pavementing
▪️Transmigration

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17
Q

Loose, intermittent contact of WBC. Margination of WBC from stasis of blood

A

Rolling

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18
Q

Tight, constant contact of WBC with endothelium

A

Pavementing

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19
Q

WBC crossing through the endothelial layer

A

Transmigration

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20
Q

Process by which WBC are drawn to the site of inflammation

A

Chemotaxis

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21
Q

Mediators involved,in increase vascular permeability

A

Histamine
Bradykinin
Leukotrienes C4, D4 and E4

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22
Q

Mediators involved in the movement of WBC

A

Exogenous- bacterial polysaccharide

Endogenous- C5a, leukotriene B4 and Interlukin-8 (IL-8)

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23
Q

True or False: The role of the leukocyte is to recognize foreign particles through scavenger receptors

A

True

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24
Q

Particles that bind to foreign material and signal leukocytes to remove it

A

Opsonins

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25
Q

Types of Opsonins

A

IgG
C3b
Collectins

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26
Q

Recognize by Fc receptor of WBC

A

IgG

27
Q

Recognize by Cr 1,2,3 on leukocyte

A

C3b

28
Q

Recognize by C2g on leukocyte

A

Collectins

29
Q

Mildest form of Acute Inflammation. Its appearance is relatively clear, watery. Content of fluid, few cells mostly fluid

A

Serous

30
Q

Protein-poor fluid, seen in viral infection and burn

A

Transudate

31
Q

What is the specific gravity of Transudate?

A
32
Q

Its appearance is finely particulate, thick fluid. Content much more protein and cells than serous

A

Fibrinous

33
Q

Protein-rich fluid. Seen in uremic and post MI strep throat, pneumonia, pericarditis

A

Exudate

34
Q

What is the specific gravity of Exudate

A

> 1.020

35
Q

Inflammation that is seen in bacterial and fungal infection. Its appearance is pus-thick, white yellow fluid. The fluid contains neutrophils,protein, necrotic cells and bacteria.

A

Purulent inflammation

36
Q

Outcomes of Acute Inflammation

A

Resolution (recovery)
Inciting agent is removed
All damage cells is repaired
The organ must be capable of regeneration

37
Q

Walled of collection of pus

A

Abscess

38
Q

Loss of mucosa and deeper tissues

A

Ulcer

39
Q

Only the mucosa is lost

A

Erosion

40
Q

What is the common site for ulcer

A

GIT (stomach/duodenum)

41
Q

Layers of Ulcer

A

Fibrin
Neutrophils
Granulation tissue
Fibrosis

42
Q

Anomalous patent connection between 2 organs

A

Fistula (Tunnel)

43
Q

Complications of ulcer

A

Pain
Hemorrhage
Perforation

44
Q

Complications of Fistula

A

Infection can enter other organs

Massive hemorrhage

45
Q

Replacement of lost parenchyma with disorganized connective tissue

A

Scar formation

46
Q

Prolonged inflammation consisting of active inflammation and tissue repair and destruction

A

Chronic inflammation

47
Q

Causes of Chronic inflammation

A

Viral
Autoimmune dysfunction
Prolonged exposure to infection
Persistent microbial infection

48
Q

Cells involved in Chronic inflammation

A

Macrophage

Lymphocytes

49
Q

Collection of epitheloid histiocytes and collection of activated macrophage

A

Granulomatous Inflammation

50
Q

Causes of Granulomatous Inflammation

A 
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Fungi such as Histoplasma capsulation and Biastomyces dermatitidis
Foreign material
Sarcoidosis
Silica
51
Q

Involves regeneration of the parenchyma or replacement of damages tissue with a scar if regeneration is not possible

A

Repair

52
Q

Regeneration of cells combined with scarring and fibrosis

A

Healing

53
Q

Components of healing

A
  • Induction of inflammatory process
  • Formation of new blood vessels
  • Production of extracellular matrix
  • tissue remodeling
  • wound contacture
  • increasing wound strength
54
Q

Inflammatory process

A
  • acts to contain damage
  • removing infecting substance
  • remove dead tissue
  • start deposition of extracellular matrix
55
Q

4 processes of replacement by scar

A
  • formation of new blood vessels
  • migration and proliferation of fibroblasts
  • deposition of extracellular matrix
  • maturation and recognization of tissue/fibers
56
Q

Type of healing if wound has clean edges, close reapproximation of margins and minimal tissue disruption

A

Healing by first intention

57
Q

Type of healing if wound has unclean edges, extensive tissue disruption and tissue necrosis

A

Healing by second intention

58
Q

2 factors that may impair the process of wound healing

A

General factors

Mechanical factors

59
Q

General factors such as:

A

Infection
Nutritional deficiency
Glucocorticoid therapy
Result in decrease fibrosis

60
Q

Mechanical factors such as:

A

Deniscence

Poor perfusion

61
Q

Unintentional reopening of the wound due to pressure or torsion

A

Deniscence

62
Q

Decrease amount of blood available for healing

A

Poor perfusion

63
Q

Protective response to rid the body of the cause of cell injury.

A

Inflammation

HistoPath (4 decks)

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