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Biology 1007 > Inflammation > Flashcards

Inflammation Flashcards

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1
Q

Inflammatory pathway

A

Inducers - Sensors - Mediators - Target tissues/cells

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2
Q

Inducers

A

pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), other mediators

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3
Q

Sensors

A

macrophages, dendritic cells (both have receptors on surface for PAMPs/DAMPSs), mast cells (secrete mediators)

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4
Q

Mediators

A

soluble molecules

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5
Q

Target tissues/cells

A

blood cells, epithelial cells, organs

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6
Q

Phagocyte

A

cellsthat protect the body by ingesting (phagocytosing) harmful foreign particles,bacteria, and dead ordyingcells

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7
Q

Macrophage

A

leukocytethat engulfs and digests cellular debris, foreign substances,microbes, cancer cells, and anything else that does not have the types of proteins specific to the surface of healthy body cells on its surface in a process calledphagocytosis - releases chemical signal to recruit other cells

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8
Q

Neutrophil

A

most abundant (40% to 75%) type ofleukocyte, formed from stem cells in the bone marrow, short-lived and highly motile, one of the first-responders of inflammatory cells to migrate towards the site of inflammation, pus=dead neutrophils

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9
Q

Phagocytosis definition

A

the internalisation of particulate matter by cells

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10
Q

Phagocytosis steps

A

(prephagocytosis: tissue injury releases chemical signals, blood vessels dilate and allow phagocytes to move across the wall) 1. binding to surface receptor 2. engulfment into phagosome 3. fusion of phagosome with lysosome (in compartments) 4. killing and degredation of bacterium by lysozyme, proteases, acid hydrolases (break hydrogen bonds) and free radicals

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11
Q

Necrosis

A

uncontrolled cell death

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12
Q

Apoptosis

A

controlled cell death

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13
Q

Platelets

A

initiate clotting

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14
Q

Mast cells

A

release mediators (degranulation), kill parasites, role in allergy and anaphylaxis

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15
Q

Basophil

A

leukocyte, release mediators (degranulation), kill parasites and viruses, role in allergy

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16
Q

Eosinophil

A

leukocyte, release mediators (degranulation), kill parasites and viruses, role in allergy and asthma

17
Q

Lymphocyte

A

leukocyte, slow response, include NK cells, T cells, B cells

18
Q

NK cells

A

directly kill virally infected cells and tumour cells

19
Q

B cells

A

recognise whole pathogens, make antibodies, developed in bone marrow

20
Q

T cells

A

recognise fragments of pathogens bound to MHC molecules on cell surface, developed in thymus - CD8 and CD4

21
Q

CD8 (cytotoxic) T cells

A

kill infected cells

22
Q

CD4 (helper) T cells

A

help B cells make antibody or activate macrophages

23
Q

“Naïve” T and B cells

A

undergo education program to eliminate “self” reactive cells - negative selection

24
Q

Antigen

A

any substance that causes your immune system to produce antibodies against it

25
Q

Antibody

A

(aka immunoglobulin) large, Y-shape protein used to identify and neutralize pathogens

26
Q

Lymphatic system

A

route to return fluid from tissues to blood, transports immune cells, pathogens and antigens from tissues to lymph nodes (activates T and B cells)

27
Q

Chemotaxis

A

the movement of leukocytes up a gradient of chemicals towards it source

28
Q

Leukocyte pathway

A
  1. Margination (accumulation and adhesion to blood vessel walls at site of injury) 2. Diapedesis (leaving the blood) 3. Chemotaxis 4. Phagocytosis
29
Q

Role of soluble mediators

A

dilation of blood vessels, increased permeability of blood vessels, activation of endothelium (allow adhesion of leukocytes), chemotaxis, amplification of immune response, resolution of acute inflammation

30
Q

Kinin

A

any of a group of substances formed in body tissue in response to injury

31
Q

Examples of soluble mediators

A

plasma cascades, histamine, lipid mediators (prostaglandins, leukotrienes), cytokines

32
Q

Acute inflammation

A

immediate response, movement of leukocytes, leakage of plasma and soluble mediators, inflammation resolves, compontents: changes in vascular flow, increased vascular permeability, emigration of leukocytes from circulation to injury site

33
Q

Chronic inflammation

A

long term, tissue destruction w attempts at repair, mononuclear cell infiltration (macrophages, lymphocytes), abnormal repair (fibrosis, angiogenesis)

34
Q

Types of anti-inflammatory drugs

A

NSAIDs, corticosteroids, biologicals. Note: need for more effective and safer anti-inflammatory drugs

35
Q

NSAIDs

A

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: reduce pain, fever, inflammation, inhibit cyclooxygenase enzymes. Side effects: stomach bleeding, thrombosis/heart attack. Eg. Asprin, Ibuprofen, Celebrex, Vioxx

36
Q

Cyclooxygenase enzymes

A

catalyze prostaglandin production from arachidonic acid

37
Q

Corticosteroids

A

Supress inflammation: down-regulate expression of genes involved in inflammation, up-regulate expression of anti-inflammatory proteins. Eg. Dexamethasone, Prednisone

38
Q

Classes of corticosteroids

A

Glucocorticoids: anti-inflammatory, Mineralocorticoids: control electrolyte/water levels

39
Q

Biologicals

A

Soluble proteins that block actions of key cytokines or chemokines that drive inflammation. Expensive and can compromise immune system. Eg. Etanercept (anti-TNF), soluble IL-1 Receptor

Biology 1007 (5 decks)

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