Inflammation

Question 1

Mast cell activators

Answer 1

Fc cross linking, substance P, CGRP. Degranulation inhibition caused by increased cAMP (B agonists, methylxanthines)

Question 2

Histamine found in…

Answer 2

Mast cells, basophils, ECL cells, histaminergic neurons.

Question 3

Effects of histamine

Answer 3

Contracts smooth muscle in bronchi and GI tract. Relaxes arterioles via NO. Increases permeability and sensitisation.

Question 4

H1 receptors

Answer 4

q/11 coupled, PLC, Ca++ inflammation

Question 5

H2 receptors

Answer 5

s coupled, cAMP acid secretion

Question 6

H3 receptors

Answer 6

i/o coupled presynaptic inhibition

Question 7

H4 receptors

Answer 7

q/11, unknown function.

Question 8

Generation 1 antihistamines

Answer 8

Mepyramine, promethazine. CNS effects

Question 9

Generation 2 antihistamines

Answer 9

Terfenadine (blocks HERG K+ channel)

Question 10

Generation 3 antihistamines

Answer 10

fexofenadine, loratidine

Question 11

H1 antagonist

Answer 11

dimenhydrinate for motion sickness

Question 12

H2 antagonists

Answer 12

cimetidine, ranitidine for ulcers.

Question 13

B1 receptor

Answer 13

induced in inflammation

Question 14

B2 receptor

Answer 14

constitutive; q/11 coupled, IP3, Ca++ and eNOS

Question 15

12 HETE

Answer 15

migration of leukocytes

Question 16

Cysteinyl leukotrienes

Answer 16

Made by mast cell and macrophages. Bronchiole spasmogens, constrict coronary vessels but increase flow elsewhere.

Question 17

PAF

Answer 17

Made by PLA2, rapidly degraded in vivo by acetyl hydrolase

Question 18

Paracetamol toxicity

Answer 18

Converted to NAPQI; this is normally conjugated with glutathione, but if not enough, can oxidise thiol groups, killing liver and kidney cells.

Question 19

Aspirin side effects

Answer 19

Salicylate poisoning, Reye’s syndrome, hypersensitivity.

Question 20

NSAIDS in general

Answer 20

Nephropathy, prolonged gestation, ulceration, bleeding

Question 21

5-HT is made from…

Answer 21

tryptophan

Question 22

Antiemetic drug classes and examples

Answer 22

5-HT3 antagonists. Ondansetron.
Muscarinic antagonists. Scopolamine
D2 antagonists. Metaclopramide, phenothiazines
H1 antagonists (non-selective). Mepyramine

Question 23

mAbs binding TNFa

Answer 23

Infliximab, adalimumab

Question 24

mAb binding IgE

Answer 24

Omalizumab

Question 25

mAb binding CD52

Answer 25

Alemtuzumab

Question 26

Immunosuppressive drugs

Answer 26

Inhibiting proliferation; cyclophosphamide, azathioprine mycophenylate.
Leading to destruction of B and T cells - alemtuzumab.
inhibiting activation of T cells - calcineurin inhibitors (IL-2), mTOR inhibitors, IL-2 antibodies.

Question 27

Calcineurin

Answer 27

Ca++ dependent serine/threonine phosphatase. Inhibited by cyclosporin/cyclophilin.

Question 28

5-HT3 receptor antagonists on GI

Answer 28

decrease mobility, cause constipation.

Question 29

clavulanate blocks…

Answer 29

A,C and D beta - lactamases