Inflammation Flashcards
Definition
Inflammation is tissue damage that insights vascular and cellular events that are designed to clean up any type of debris and initiate repair.
Causes
Physical trauma, chemical trauma, infectious microorganism, sunlight and Burns.
Antigen makeup and Bacteria
In order for something to be an antigen it must be both immunogenic (the ability to activate a immune response) and reactive (our bodies produce antibodies to attack the antigen).
Harmful outer layer
Bacteria contains a harmful outer lining called the lipopolysaccharide layer containing a lipid a which acts as an endotoxin bacteria contains specific types of antigens these could be sugar/protein molecules they may also be glycoproteins.
Mast Cell Activation and Grannula Release
Once infectious negative bacteria has broken through the skin the bacteria release endotoxins which start to cause tissue damage within our circulatory system contains mast cell, these cells contain receptors on their outermost layer. Begin to get damaged or activate by endotoxins they send signals to the nucleus of the mass sales triggering granular release and inciting a specific type of inflammatory response during this response has released the molecules histamines leukotriene and prostaglandins
Clotting factor
Also within our circulatory system exists clotting Factor XII. Using proteins are bodies are able to change the molecular status of factor XII, converting it into prekallikren and further into kallikren. During inflammation kallikren moves from the plasma space of the blood into the tissue spaces bonding with kinogen. I’m which a conversion occur into beadykinins.
Cell Damage
Endotoxins damage cells, protective proteins on cell membranes are activated called phospholipase A2 (PLA), PLA start breaking down phospholipids produced by endotoxins converting them into arachidonic acid, this is further broken down by tissue enzymes lipoxygenase and Cox 1/2, LPA converts the acid into leukotrienes and Cox 1/2 converts the acid into prostaglandins.
Activation 1
All these molecules work on endothelial cells receptors of the capillaries, within these cells contains preformed granules called weibel-palade bodies. Once endothelial cells are activated the weibel-palade bodies migrate to the cell membrane of the endothelial cells to then become known as P-selectins.
Activation 2
These molecules also work on the endothelial cells to cause them to contract. This then allows space between the endothelial cells allowing plasma to leak through into the interstitial space. This causes swelling because of the increase of vascular permeability. Because of the swelling pain receptors are triggered.
Vasodilation
These molecules also bind to the smooth muscle cells causing them to relax, vasodilation occurs. This increases white blood cells activity, this causes the redness and heat in the affected area due to blood being close to the surface of the skin.
Margination
Monocytes, neutrophils, macrophages and lymphocytes contain sugar molecules on their cell membranes. These white blood cells then migrate to the P-Selectins in which they ate passed along the P-Selectins.
Diapepdis
These white blood cells are then passed along the P-cams and through the capillary toward the bacteria.
Positive Chemotoxins
Once white blood cells get through the capillary wall, cytokines bind to white blood cells and cause migration to bacteria.
Interleukin 1 and Tumor Necrotic Alpha
Macrophages will alert additional macrophages to come and secrete into Lucan 1 and tumor necrotic Alpha. Another chemical is secreted IL8. These chemicals then interact with the endothelial cells to form e selectins, which interact with the sugar molecules on the white blood cells and once activated by il8 move through the process of margination and dipepsis. The terminal aquatic alpha and interlucan 1 chemicals reach and work on the hypothalamus to secrete the molecule prostaglandin E2. This causes a fever creating a hostile environment in the body to make it harder for bacteria to survive the fever also speeds up the cellular metabolism allowing quicker recovery the Liver also produces acute phase reactive hormones c reactive peptides and stem cells produce more white blood cells in the process called deucytosis to support white blood cell usage.
Phagocytosis
The Mac phages consumed the bacteria this is called phagocytosis this creates a phagosome inside os which contains lysomes that further breaks down the bacteria and what is left is just the antigens which is released by their phagosome in a process called exocytosis.
Antigens and Antibodies
These antigens are then collected by lymph nodes in which our body is able to learn about each antigen and genetic antibodies to prepare for further bacterial invasion.
