Inflammation Flashcards
What is the goal of inflammation
To bring white blood cells and plasma proteins from circulation to site of infection or damaged tissue with the intent of eliminating casue of damage and regeneration
which phase of the immune response is it associated with
the first phase
name the 4 cardinal signs of inflammation and their cause
redness(rubor) - increased blood flow
heat(calor) - increased blood flow
swelling(tumor) leakage of cells and fluid into tissues
pain(dolor) - increased nerve sensitivity due to chemical mediators
what was the 5th cardial sign and who added it
added by virchow
loss of function (function laesa)
name the 6 causes of inflammation plus an example of each
infective agents - bacteria
foreign bodies - splinter
immune reactions - autoimmune reaction
tissue necrosis
physical agents - heat
chemicals - drugs
outline the vascular changes that occur (4)
- Vasodiolation: chemical mediators (histamine) act on smooth muscles causing arterioles and capillary bed to expand
- increased blood flow causes redness and heat
- Permeability: gaps form between the cells lining the blood vessels allowing for exudate to leak into surrounding tissue
- Edema: leakage causes the are to swell
define exudate
protein rich fluid that leaks into extra cellular environment
outline cellular events that occur (4)
- as leukocytes move through the bv they, they bind to receptors to slow down
- leukocytes will exit the blood vessel in a process known as emigration
- Chemotaxis: movement of leukocytes to are of interst using chemical signals
- phagocytosis
why are neutrophils and macrophages utilised in the inflammatory reaction
capable of phagocytosis
characteristics of neutrophils (1)
rapidly recruited and tend not to last long
characteristics of macrophages (3)
- while in the bv they are monocytes but differentiate after exiting bv
- respond slowly
- produce growth factors and aid in repair
define restoration
tissue has returned to a completely normal state after accure inflammation - ideal outcome of inflammation
conditions of resultution and what happens if these conditions aren’t met (4)
conditions
1 cell death and tissue damage is minimal
2. damages cells are capable of regen
3. causative agent is eliminated
4. local conditions favour the removal of exudate
what if the are not met; chronic inflammation
in what ways is inflammation classified (4)
- severity (acute or chronic)
- according to affected site (addition of the suffix ‘itis’)
- according to predominant component of exudate
- according to morphology
Onset (acute vs chronic)
A: fast (minutes to hours)
C: slow (days, months years)
