Inflammation

Question 1

inflammation

Answer 1

an immunologic defense against tissue injury, infection, or allergy

Question 2

Is inflammation a specific or nonspecific process

Answer 2

• nonspecific
• the body will react the same way each time the inflammatory response is activated

Question 3

5 cardinal signs of inflammation

Answer 3

• redness
• pain
• swelling
• warmth
• loss of function

Question 4

acute inflammation

Answer 4

• immediate response to tissue injury
• short term
• eradicates harmful stimuli and initiates repair

Question 5

chronic inflammation

Answer 5

• inflammation that continues for weeks to years after the initial injury
• ongoing stimulus
• tissue is repeatedly being destroyed
• can be debilitating

Question 6

local manifestations of inflammation

Answer 6

• swelling
• pain
• heat
• redness
• loss of function
• exudate

Question 7

systemic manifestations of inflammation

Answer 7

• fever
• leukocytosis (high WBC)
• increase in plasma proteins
• malaise
• fatigue

Question 8

normal WBC count

Answer 8

5000-10000

Question 9

white blood cells are…

Answer 9

attracted to an area of inflammation by chemotaxis

Question 10

proinflammatory hormones

Answer 10

• mediating factors in the inflammatory response
• critical to effective implementation

Question 11

types of proinflammatory hormones

Answer 11

• prostaglandins
• cytokines
• histamines

Question 12

roles of proinflammatory hormones

Answer 12

• increase blood flow to injured area
• increase vascular membrane permeability
• active components of immune response
• attract leukocytes to the area of injury
• promote angiogenesis
• stimulate growth of connective tissue
• cause fever

Question 13

pathophysiology of acute inflammation

Answer 13

• injury to or death of tissue = release of chemical mediators
• vasodilation and increased blood flow to small vessels surrounding the area of injury = warmth and redness
• swelling and partial retraction/separation of activated endothelial cells
• increased vascular permeability = swelling, pain, and loss of function
• “walling off” of the injured area
• migration of WBCs to the area of injury
• exudates exiting vascular system
• movement of glucose and oxygen to the area
• release of additional chemical mediators
• (can be localized or systemic)

Question 14

chronic inflammation

Answer 14

• macrophages play a critical role
• healing may be interrupted by reinjury or renewed inflammation and immune activity

Question 15

inflammation in neonates

Answer 15

• fever = emergency
• reduced inflammatory response to bacteria or virus

Question 16

inflammation in older adults

Answer 16

• more susceptible to impaired inflammation and wound healing
• skin barrier is less protective

Question 17

consequences of excessive inflammation

Answer 17

• local tissue damage
• systemic pathology (sepsis/septic shock)
• development of chronic diseases
• ex atherosclerosis, chronic renal disease, inflammatory bowel disease, neurologic disorders