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Pathophysiology > Inflammation > Flashcards

Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

What is inflammation?

A
  • A coordinated vascular and cellular response of the body to cell injury and cell death.
  • Has both protective and curative features and is responsible for the removal of the injuries agent and cellular debris.
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2
Q

What initiates the healing process?

A

Inflammation.

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3
Q

Can the body have normal immune function or the ability to heal without an inflammatory response?

A

Nope. Gotta have that response to get better.

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4
Q

What factors initiate inflammation?

A
  1. Infection
  2. Trauma/damaged tissue
  3. Presence of antigens (asthma)
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5
Q

What factors result in inflammation?

A
  1. Tissue necrosis
  2. Presence of foreign bodies
  3. Ischemia
  4. Cancer
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6
Q

What are the goals of an inflammatory response?

A
  1. Inactivate injurious agents
  2. Break down and remove dead cells and other cellular debris.
  3. Initiate tissue healing
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7
Q

What are the key components of inflammation?

A
  1. Blood vessels
  2. Circulating or interstitial tissue cells
  3. Chemical mediators derived from blood vessel walls, damaged cells (histamine, bradykinin, prostaglandins)
  4. Collagen and basement membranes from extracellular matrix
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8
Q

What are cytokines?

A

Signaling molecules that are secreted by certain cells of the immune system that go and effect other cells.

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9
Q

What do cytokines do?

A

Play a crucial role in controlling growth and activity of immune system cells and blood cells and help signal defective cells to die.

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10
Q

What are two types of cytokines?

A

Interferons and interleukins.

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11
Q

What are chemokines?

A

Tiny protein molecules that form a subfamily of the cell signaling molecules (cytokines)

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12
Q

What is the role of chemokines?

A

To attract cells to an area of injury.

Types:
Monocytes/Macrophages
T-Lymphocytes 
Eosinophils
Neutrophils
Mast cells
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13
Q

What are the cardinal signs/symptoms of inflammation?

A
  1. Erythema
  2. Heat
  3. Edema
  4. Pain
  5. Loss of function
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14
Q

Describe what events happen with erythema.

A

Vasodilation and increased blood flow.

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15
Q

Describe heat in the context of inflammation.

A

Heat in the process of inflammation is caused by vasodilation and increased blood flow.

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16
Q

Describe what events take place with edema.

A

Fluid and cells leak from local blood vessels into the extravascular spaces.

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17
Q

What is pain caused by in inflammation?

A

Direct trauma, swelling of nerve endings, internal pressure secondary to edema.

18
Q

What signals the immune system to start doing its job?

A

Cytokines!

19
Q

Can the process of inflammation damage and destroy normal tissue?

A

Yep. If it is not tightly regulated, it can cause excessive tissue damage and effect the normal tissue around it.

20
Q

What is cytokine storm syndrome?

A

The process of the immune system responding too aggressively to inflammation.

21
Q

What does vasodilation do for the inflammatory response?

A

Histamines from platelets and mast cells cause relaxation of the small vessels, so more plasma proteins and leukocytes can go to the area.
It explains the heat and redness at site of injury.

22
Q

What are the effects of the increased vascular permeability at the site of injury?

A

The small arterioles become permeable, which allows for the passage of protein and cell rich fluid (exudate) into the interstitial spaces.
Also results in vascular dilation and blood stasis so there is an accumulation of blood in the area (Redness), which allows for the accumulation of platelets and neutrophils.

23
Q

What are neutrophils in charge of?

A

They are the first responders that eliminate bacteria and clean up the area.

24
Q

What is diapedesis?

A

The passage of neutrophils through the intact walls of the capillaries.

25
Q

When you see pus near an injury, what is indicative of?

A

It is indicative of neutrophils doing their job of cleaning up an injured area. The pus is the neutrophils after they have ingested the the harmful bacteria and have died.

26
Q

If you have elevated WBC count, what does that tell you?

A

If elevated neutrophil count, then there is an infection.

27
Q

What are monocytes?

A

They are a type of WBC that circulates in the blood and replenishes macrophages under normal conditions.

28
Q

What do monocytes do in response to inflammation?

A

When inflammation is signaled they will move to site of tissue injury and differentiate into macrophages and dendritic cells.

29
Q

What are macrophages?

A

Type of WBC that engulfs and digests cellular debris, foreign substances, microbes, and cancer cells.

30
Q

Where are the different tissue specific macrophages found and what are they called?

A 
Skin = langerhans
Liver = kupffer
Alveolar = macrophage
CNS = microglia
31
Q

What are lymphocytes?

A

Type of WBC mainly found in the lymph. They produce antibodies!

*Natural killer cells, B-cells, T-cells

32
Q

What are mast cells?

A

Type of cell that contains large granules that hold immune mediator like histamines, serotonin, prostaglandins etc.

33
Q

How is inflammation controlled?

A

It is a careful balance between pro- inflammatory signals and anti-inflammatory signals.

34
Q

How do inflammatory cytokines result in skeletal muscle injury?

A

Inhibits the proliferation and differentiation of myoblast, which interfers with the normal repair process.

35
Q

What is the result from the inflammatory damage to the muscle?

A

Skeletal muscle dysfunction and weakness.

36
Q

What does the inflammatory response lack?

A

Specificity so it will damage healthy tissue.

37
Q

What are some systemic effects of acute inflammation?

A
  1. Fever
  2. Somnolence, malaise
  3. Anorexia
  4. Hypotension
  5. Accelerated degradation of skeletal muscle
38
Q

What is leukocytosis?

A

Increased WBC count.

39
Q

What is the normal WBC count?

A

4000-10000 cells/ul

40
Q

What is leukopenia?

A

Decreased white blood cell count.

Pathophysiology (2 decks)

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