Inflammation

Question 1

What is the classical definition of Inflammation?

Answer 1

Redness, warmth, pain, swelling and loss of function

Question 2

Evolutionarily conserved structures on pathogens, detected by cells to initiate an immune response

Answer 2

Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPS)

Question 3

Endogenous pathogens are detected through which germ-line receptor?

Answer 3

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)

Question 4

Which cells are PRRs expressed by?

Answer 4

Myeloid cells: monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells

Question 5

Which two cytokines induce autocrine and paracrine effects leading to local activation of neutrophils and macrophages

Answer 5

TNF and IL-1Beta

Question 6

What are the endocrine effects of the release of TNF and IL-1Beta?

Answer 6

1) Induction of acute-phase proteins in the liver
2) Platelet activation
3) Fever
4) Fatigue
5) Anorexia

Question 7

What happens with cytokine activation of endothelial cells?

Answer 7

Increase in vascular permeability and the entrance of immune cells into infected tissue

Question 8

What are three complications associated with cytokine activation of endothelial cells

Answer 8

1) Capillary Leakage
2) vasodilation
3) hypotension

Question 9

What is the primary function of Chemokines?

Answer 9

To recruit immune cells to a site of infection

Question 10

What is the primary function of neutrophils?

Answer 10

Phagocytosis of pathogens

Question 11

Which cell type releases INF-Gamma? And which cell type is activated by INF-Gamma

Answer 11

1) Type 1 helper cells (T1H)

2) Neutrophils

Question 12

Which cell types release IL-22 and what does the release of IL-22 stimulate?

Answer 12

1) Helper T-cells and lymphoid cells

2) Acting on epithelial cells it stimulates the production of anti-microbial peptides and defensins

Question 13

Which two cells types stimulate the release of prostaglandins and which symptoms do prostaglandins produce in patients?

Answer 13

1) Monocytes and neutrophils

2) Fatigue, fever and somnolence (excessive tiredness)

Question 14

How does the complement system mediate inflammation?

Answer 14

Mediates microbial opsonization (tagging) and killing and generates inflammatory peptides such as C3a and C5a

Question 15

Which cytokine suppresses the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and what cell type produces it?

Answer 15

1) IL-10

2) Regulatory T-cells

Question 16

Which two cytokines released from monocytes and platelets are broad suppressors of inflammation?

Answer 16

IL-37 of the IL-1 family and TGF-B

Question 17

How do TNFR and IL-1R limit inflammation?

Answer 17

They act as decoy receptors; binding and neutralizing respective cytokines

Question 18

What is sepsis?

Answer 18

The release of danger associated molecular patterns which gives rise to hyper inflammation. Damage is cause to tissue by the immune response

Question 19

Unrestrained activation of _______ leads to organ failure during sepsis? What improves the outcome of sepsis in experiments?

Answer 19

1) Compliment

2) C5a blockade

Question 20

During sepsis, local activation of which system can control the infection by confining a pathogen? What happens when this becomes systemic?

Answer 20

1) Local activation of coagulation

2) Systemic activation can cause intramuscular coagulation, micro vascular thrombosis and bleeding

Question 21

During sepsis, what can result from enhanced adherence of leukocytes and platelets to the endothelial surface and the subsequent transmigration?

Answer 21

1) Vascular inflammation
2) disruption of the endothelial cell barrier
3) Leakage of intravascular proteins into the extra vascular space
4) tissue edema (swelling caused by excess fluid)
5) decreased micro vascular perfusion

Question 22

In RA; which six cytokines promote the generation of pathogenic T cells and B cells

Answer 22

1) TNF
2) IL-1Beta
3) IL-6
4) IL-12
5) IL-18
6) IL-23

Question 23

What are the 4 targets of monoclonal antibodies are used to treat Crohns?

Answer 23

1) TNF
2) IL-12
3) IL-23
4) Alpha4-Beta7 integrin

Question 24

Which five cytokines and one checkpoint are targeted by monoclonal antibodies in the treatment of RA?

Answer 24

1) TNF
2) IL-1Ra
3) IL-6R
4) IL-12p40
5) IL-17A
6) JAK/STAT