Inflammatiom

Question 1

Inflammatory genes

Answer 1

Tnf alpha

Il 6 and 8

Question 2

Acute inflammation

Answer 2

Infection
Chemicals
Necrosis

Question 3

Components of inflammation

Answer 3

Redness rubor

Heat calor

Swell tumour

Pain dolor

Question 4

Caspase 1

Answer 4

NLR p3 binds a pamp or damp causing a conformational change producing 2 card domains which causes capase 1 to dimerise and the rest is standards

Question 5

Vascular stage

Answer 5

Histamine induces vasodilation along with NO which increases vascular permeability causing redness due to sensory nerve fibres passing and releasing vasodilatory substances

Question 6

Hydrostatic pressure

Answer 6

Caused by albumin which causes the pressure to be higher at the arteriolar end of the capillary then the venous end preventing excess fluid loss

Question 7

Adhesion cascade

Answer 7

Rolling is mediated by selectins and E selectin also plays a role in stopping the molecule by adhesion to the endothelial membrane I cam 1 then causes the arrest and transmigration of the leukocyte before the leukocyte is attracted down the chemiosmotic gradient.

Question 8

Complement cascade

Answer 8

C3 then input from either lps or c1abg

C3 convertase causes release of c3a releasing chemotaxin histamine and spasmogen

C3b then released as opsonin before it forms c5 converting which forms c5a releasing chemotaxins phagocytise cells and histamine

Question 9

Gout

Answer 9

Increased purine metabolism

Build up of Uric acid crystals as synthesis is increased activating NLRPs

Question 10

Pathogensis in gout

Answer 10

Uric acid crystals trigger release of il1b which aids neutrophil chemotaxins to phagocytise Uric acid crystals before being lysis releasing lysosomal enzymes resulting in inflammation

Question 11

Atherosclerosis

Answer 11

Step1 endothelial dysfunction due to release of NO and endothelin A

Step2 neutrophils trigger recruitment of monocytes which form macrophages to internalise ldls

Question 12

Lipid lowering drugs

Answer 12

Bezafibrate reduces levels of VLDL and triglycerides

Statins rate limiting enzyme in cholesterol synthesis is hmg coa reductase which catalysts conversion of hmgA to melavonic acid

Causing up regulation or ldl receptor synthesis

Question 13

Statins anti inflammatory

Answer 13

Suppressed platelet activation

Reduce production of ILS and TNF

Up regulates IL10

Question 14

Anti histamine

Answer 14

Loritidine

Chlorophenamine

Reduces three response

Question 15

NSAIDS

Answer 15

Decrease pge2 and pgi2

Target cox preventing arachidonic acid formation

Cox1 constitutive as its inhibited

Cox2 inducible as inhibited responds to il1 and TNF

Question 16

Glucocorticoids

Answer 16

Suppress immune system

Question 17

DMARDs

Methotrexate

Answer 17

Immunosuppressants

Anti malarials

Inhibits dihydropholate reductase so purines cannot be synthesised

Question 18

Anti cytokines

Answer 18

Adalimumab. Neutralises TNF