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Water Resources - Exam 2 > Infiltration Soil Water > Flashcards

Infiltration Soil Water Flashcards

1
Q

Terrasphere

A

water moves through the soil in response to both gravity and tension

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2
Q

Gravity

A

water flows to center of earth, downward

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3
Q

Tension

A

water is adhesive and holds onto soil; under stress; pulled in opposite directions

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4
Q

Soil Formation

A

takes hundreds of years to make 1 inch

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5
Q

Soil Formation Factors

A

parent material, time, climate, geology, biological agents

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6
Q

Parent Material

A

igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic

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7
Q

Climate

A

black, red, rocky, solid

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8
Q

“Black” Horizon

A

leaching zone organics here, most roots, susceptible to erosion

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9
Q

“Red” Horizon

A

accumulation zone, nutrients collect here

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10
Q

“Rocky” Horizon

A

weathered bedrock here

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11
Q

“Solid” Horizon

A

bedrock here

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12
Q

Moves Soil

A

water, wind, glaciers, finger lakes region

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13
Q

Residual Soil

A

soil material which is the result of weathering and decomposition of rocks that has not been transported from its original place

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14
Q

Colluvial Soil

A

loose, unconsolidated sediments that have been deposited at the base of hillslopes by either rainwash, sheetwash, slow continuous downslope creep, or a variable combination of these processes

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15
Q

Marine

A

of, found in, or produced by the sea

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16
Q

Lacustrine

A

relating to or associated with lakes

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17
Q

Alluvial

A

moving water

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18
Q

Fluvioglacial

A

water from ice

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19
Q

Glacial

A

ice

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20
Q

Aeolian

A

wind

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21
Q

Soil Texture Classes

A

silt, clay, sand, loam

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22
Q

Characterizing Soil

A

texture class, particle size, porosity, hydrologic soil group

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23
Q

Particle Size Example

A

fine gravel > coarse sand > medium sand > fine sand > silt and clay

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24
Q

Why do we need particle size standards?

A

The amount of open space between the particles influences how easily water moves through a soil and how much water the soil will hold

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25
Q

Soils are Non-homogeneous

A

usually a mix of sands, silts, clays (texture classes)

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26
Q

Soil Texture Triangle Example

A

30% Clay, 10% Silt, 60% Sand

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27
Q

Bucket of Soil

A

dirt (solid), water (liquid), air (gas)

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28
Q

Total Volume

A

Volume Water + Volume Air + Volume Solids

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29
Q

Soil Water

A

water in soil; fills the voids and pushes out the gases

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30
Q

Hydroscopic Water

A

typically not removed

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31
Q

Depth

A

how we talk about volume of water

32
Q

Porosity

A

volume of voids / total = n ; quality or degree of having minute spaces or holes through which liquid or air may pass

33
Q

Density of most Soil Particles

A

160-170 lbs./ft^3 or 2.6-2.75 g/cm^3

34
Q

Typical Porosity

35
Q

Infiltration

A

precipitation seeping into the ground; from atmosphere to the soil

36
Q

Infiltration Units

A

length or length/time; total or rate

37
Q

Measuring Infiltration

A

nearly impossible, would disturb the sample; can be inferred

38
Q

What we want to know about infiltration

A

how much enters the soil

39
Q

Percolation

A

downward movement of water through the soil profile

40
Q

Percolating Water

A

can move as a saturated front under the influence of gravity OR can move as an unsaturated front due to capillary forces

41
Q

Smaller Pores

A

fill first and empty last

42
Q

Bigger Pores

A

fill last and empty first

43
Q

Why Big Pores Empty First

A

water is too heavy to hold onto soil/rock/gravel

44
Q

Engineering

A

interested in strenth of soil and amount of runoff (and timing of it)

45
Q

Field Capacity

A

difference between saturation and wilting point; how much can soil hold before it runs (%)

46
Q

Wilting Point

A

most water has left/is gone; plant can no longer suck more water up, and droop; farmers starting irrigation process (expensive)

47
Q

Clayey

A

low permeability and high runoff

48
Q

Loamy

A

moderate permeability

49
Q

Sandy

A

rapid permeability and low runoff

50
Q

What affects infiltration?

A

surface characteristics: vegetation, blacktop, forest, roofs

51
Q

Bare Ground vs Crops: Bare Ground

A

increases runoff and flood risk; decreases infiltration

52
Q

Bare Ground vs Crops: Crops

A

increases infiltration; decrease runoff and flood risk

53
Q

Water Table

A

as it rains, it rises/increases; where water is at underground; wells drill to this and past it

54
Q

Average per Capita

A

80 gal/person/day

55
Q

How does the infiltration rate change during a storm?

A

decreases over time; depends on type of soil and surface

56
Q

Measure infiltration rate of soil

A

worry more about the runoff

57
Q

Infiltration Rate Methods

A

Horton, Green-Ampt, SCS Curve Number

58
Q

Constant Percentage Method

A

doesn’t change over time, not truly realistic; assumes watershed is capable of infiltrating value proportional to rainfall intensity; 25% infiltration and 75% runoff

59
Q

Constant Percentage Method Equation

A

1 - (direct runoff / total precip) * 100 = %

60
Q

Exponential Decay - Horton

A

purely mathematical, will reach equilibrium; below arch is infiltration and above is runoff

61
Q

Watershed Recovery

A

hard to predict

62
Q

SCS Meaning

A

Soil Conservation Service

63
Q

SCS Curve Number

A

empirical method of estimating excess precipitation; (F/S)=(Q/P)

64
Q

SCS Curve Number Equation

A

Q = (P - 0.2S)^2 / (P + 0.8S)
calculates runoff

65
Q

Q

A

amount of runoff leaving watershed; units: inches

66
Q

P

A

precipitation; needs to be greater than Ia to start generating runoff; units: inches

67
Q

S

A

max amount of water being held; units: inches

68
Q

Ia (Initial abstraction)

A

accounts for all losses prior to runoff; 0.2S; units: inches

69
Q

precipitation has to exceed this ____ of max storage before generating runoff

70
Q

Estimating S

A

(1,000 / CN) - 10

71
Q

CN Meaning

A

curve number

72
Q

CN

A

runoff for specific land uses; ranges from 1 to 100 (not really); grouped A to D

73
Q

Solar Panels

A

no equation for figuring out infiltration and runoff for them

74
Q

Saturation

A

porosity has been reached, max amount of water is being held

75
Q

Water Year Starting Date

A

October 1st

Water Resources - Exam 2 (2 decks)

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