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Equine reproduction > Infertility and obstetrics in horses > Flashcards

Infertility and obstetrics in horses Flashcards

1
Q

How to diagnose granulosa cell tumour

A

Measure an increased level of anti-MH (since increased in all cases)

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2
Q

Which hormones can be made by granulosa cell tumours

A

Progesterone, oestrogen, testosterone, inhibin, antiMH
- Behavioural signs relate to which one mainly being made e.g testosterone (stallion-like behaviour), oestrogen (persistent oestrus)

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3
Q

Treating a granulosa cell tumour

A

Hemi-ovariectomy; by removing the large, cancerous ovary will release -ve feedback on other ovary which should become normal size and start cycling

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4
Q

What is Turner’s syndrome

A

= XO chromosomal abnormality
Mares with small size, tiny ovaries, underdeveloped uterus

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5
Q

What is lactational anoestrus

A

When -ve feedback from prolactin has shut down cycling
= a true anoestrus (as in winter) vs prolonged diestrus

To treat: with GnRH implant, dopamine antagonists (because prolactin stimulates dopamine which inhibits GnRH production)

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6
Q

Common causes of non-conception in mares

A

Persistent low grade endometriosis
–> Can develp to
Endometrial cysts/endometrosis

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7
Q

Theory for why endometrial cysts prevent conception

A

May block the movement of a pre-implantation blastocyst which is thought to be important for maternal recognition of pregnancy

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8
Q

Expected consequence of successful conception/pregnancy with endometrial cysts

A

Prolonged gestation and dysmaturity

Less likely to get abortion; would have to be so severe that fetus starved

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9
Q

What is the most common non-infectious cause of abortion

A

Twisted umbilical cord

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10
Q

What is testicular hypoplasia

A

Congenital issue in stallions
- Not born without enough testicular tissue so low sperm output and infertility

Testicles feel soft with less defined epididymis + sperm sample shows very few sperm

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11
Q

Drugs used to treat shyness/psychological reluctance to mate in stallions

A

Main one: Diazepam to reduce anxiety
+ Could SHORT-TERM use testosterone/GnRH to improve libido

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12
Q

Drug treatments for inadequate erection

A

Prostaglandins: causes standing erection
+ could try GnRH

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13
Q

What type of control over ejaculation and which drugs to treat dysfunction

A

= under autonomic control
Use alpha-adrenergic activation (e.g norepinephrine) or beta-adrenergic inhibition

PGF2alpha has been used for spontaneous ejaculation (50%) but side effects

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14
Q

What is the hCG stimulation test used for

A

To work out if stallion is overused
- Inject hCG and look for testosterone/oestrogen production

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15
Q

Signs of overuse in a stallion

A

Mares scan empty
Testicles feel soft
2nd sperm sample has very low concentration
Increase in secondary morphological defects of sperm e.g retained cytoplasmic droplet

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16
Q

What is paraphimosis

A

Penis extruded but can’t get it back in

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17
Q

How long is the spermatogenic cycle

A

56-58 days

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18
Q

What is priapism

A

When penis becomes erect in absence of sexual stimulation

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19
Q

What drug administration in horses can lead to priapism

A

ACP = acepromazine

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20
Q

What is urospermia and how to treat

A

Occurs when stallion urinates during ejaculation
Should manage: train stallion to urinate before collection
- Can use diazepam

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21
Q

What are LH levels like in impotent stallions

A

Low

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22
Q

What is testicular degeneration

A

= acquired condition usually in older stallions
From injury, infection, malnutrition, drugs, age

Testes soft OR firm, oliospermic (low sperm count)

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23
Q

Differentiating testicular hypoplasia and degeneration

A

HISTORY: AGE AND PREVIOUS BREEDING HISTORY

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24
Q

What material does Klebsiella like to live in

A

Damp wood

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25
Q

What material does pseudomonas like to live in

A

Stale water

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26
Q

Do stallions get ill from venereal pathogens (3 common bacteria)

A

NO they are carriers

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27
Q

Where to swab mares from for venereal pathogen testing

A

Clitoral fossa, deep fossa, lateral deep fossa
Check these
THEN can swab uterus; but don’t want to track infection up

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28
Q

What is the use of specific broth post cleansing clitoris

A

To restore normal microflora

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29
Q

Treating infectious endometritis

A

Do when in oestrus so cervix open
- Large volume lavage with warm saline
- Antibiotics (local or systemic)
- Oxytocin to encourage squeezing out of any liquid in uterus

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30
Q

What bacteria causes contagious equine metritis

A

Tayorella equigenitalis
= notifiable

31
Q

Which Klebsiella capsule types cause venereal disease

A

1, 2 and 5

(NB: urea +ve strains are more pathogenic)

32
Q

What disinfectant to use on different venereal bacteria

A

Tay equi: chlorhexidine
Kleb pneumonia: ANY
Pseudomonas aer: povidine iodine (NOT chlorhexidine)

33
Q

Specific venereal virus affecting horses

A

Equine herpes virus 3
- Causes tiny blisters on shaft

34
Q

Non-specific bacteria involved in low grade endometritis and HOW

A

Happens when normal inflammatory reaction to sperm not cleared up
–> Fluid sits there; susceptible to commensals that enter with covering
= Strep equi subsp zooepidemicus,

35
Q

Ways that bacteria can reach fetus to cause infection

A

1) Ascending infection due to poor perineal conformation
2) From commensals that entered during mating
3) RARELY: via haematogenous spread; won’t start at cervical star

36
Q

Which herpes virus is an important cause of abortion

A

EHV-1

37
Q

What happens if a fetus infected with EHV-1 right at end of gestation

A

Can get live foal with ‘neonatal foal disease’ = jaundice, weak, neurological/resp signs
Will die within 3 days

38
Q

Placental/fetal findings from EHV-1 abortion

A

EXPLOSIVE abortion: so placenta comes out with red side on outside

Fetus fresh but meconium stined due to stress of placental detachment
White spots on liver, splenic follciles

–> See foci of necrosis on histology

39
Q

Why can’t we use serology to test for EHV-1

A

Because mares don’t seroconvert; stay health
+ many vaccinated

40
Q

Which equine herpes virus can cause abortion storms

A

EHV-1 (c/f EHV-4)

41
Q

Is EHV-1 notifiable

A

No

42
Q

Is equine viral arteritis notifiable

A

YES

43
Q

What determines shedding status in stallions with equine viral arteritis

A

Testosterone levels

44
Q

Clinical signs in mares with equine viral arteritis

A

THEY ARE SICK
= due to vasculitis: congested MMs, depression, pyrexia, conjuntiviis, oedema

45
Q

Abortion characteristics with equine viral arteritis

A

fetus AUTOLYSED
+ mare shows sytemic disease

46
Q

Can we vaccinates mares against EVA

A

NO - assume all to be negative due to notifiable status
But can vaccinate stallions to avoid testing each season

47
Q

Key differences b/w EHV-1 and EVA causing abortion

A

> Can vaccinate against EHV-1
Mares not sick with EHV-1
Fetus fresh with EHV-1
EHV-1 spreads easily via droplets, survival in environment while EVA is only really spread by covering

48
Q

Difference in timing of bacterial vs fungal abortions

A

Bacterial: any time from 5 months
Fungal: in LATE gestation; 10 months

49
Q

What does oestrus sulphate in mare blood mean

A

There is a live foal pregnancy

50
Q

Diagnosing a uterine torsion

A

History: usually old mare in late gestation
Rectal palpation: feel uterine twist; one broad ligament will be taught and one slack
–> Treat via standing flank laparotomy (rolling not appropriate due to friable uterus)

51
Q

What is uterine dorsoretroflexion

A

Rare condition in last trimester
Fetus moves up into pelvic canal too early causing straining and colic signs
- Can see bulge from vulval area and will palpate live fetus within tight uterus

52
Q

Treating uterine dorsoretroflexion

A

Spasmolytics, sedation, gental exercse

53
Q

Which fluid is more commonly overproduced in hydrops

A

Allantois (more rearely is amniotic)
Can get up to 250L vs normal 15L

NB: if not near term, must abort

54
Q

When do we commonly see premature mammary gland development/lactation

A

With placentitis
Or if getting ready to abort

55
Q

Cause of urine stained vulval discharge in late term mare

A

Usually urine pooling in cranial vagina due to poor perineal conformation and splash back

56
Q

What is a cause of blood at vulva in heavily pregnant older mares

A

Varicose veins in dorsal vestibule
- Get more bleeding when laying down as vein opens

57
Q

What drug to we use to induce parturition

A

Oxytocin

58
Q

What can we give high risk mares if likely to give birth early

A

ACTH; will cross placenta and stimulate adrenal maturation (NB: can’t give corticosteroids as can’t cross the placenta)

59
Q

Why might we supplement mares with placentitis with Progesterone

A

May not be producing enough to maintain the pregnancy
–> To prevent abortion

60
Q

Incidence of dystocia in thoroughbreds

A

~4%

61
Q

Most common cause of dystocia in horses

A

Fetal maldisposition

62
Q

Primary vs secondary uterine inertia

A

Primary: voluntary stopping contractions e,g due to disturbance; leave alone or induce with oxytocin

Secondary: because muscles to week e.g from senility, fetal maldisposition, hydrops –> help with traction

63
Q

What does ‘red bag’ coming out of vagina mean

A

Chorioallantois - being this way round means there has been premature separation
= emergency

64
Q

How to stop mare contracting

A

Stand her up
Put stomach tube up nose and down trachea which stops breath holding and makes abdominal contractions weaker
Sedation

Clenbuterol can be used to stop uterine contractions BUT not useful once in second stage labour (full abdominal contractions)

65
Q

Indications for C section

A

Dystocia, electic with pelvic fractures, abdominal rupture etc

66
Q

Why would we manipulate uterus per rectum for a few days following a C section

A

To prevent adhesions forming

67
Q

What type of foetotomy is usually done in horses

A

Percutaneous

68
Q

Considerations when choosing fetotomy vs C section

A

> whether future fertility or having a live foal is more important
+ cost constraints

69
Q

Two outcomes of uterine artery haemorrhage + treatment

A

1) Haematoma formation if artery contained in broad ligament or mesentery
2) Death by bleeding out

Can just hope it is a haematoma: may give 10% formalin to help clotting

70
Q

Dealing with uterine prolapse

A

Clean, fix lacterations
Insert into correct position (wine bottle for horns)
Caslick’s as all seals damaged
Gentle exercise to encourage involution
Systemic antibiotics and anti-endotoxic therapy

71
Q

Which part of placenta is usually the bit that gets retained

A

Non-pregnant horn

72
Q

Treating agalactia

A

Want to stimulate prolacting via milk mare out to stimulate
+ Block dopamine using antagonists
Ensure +ve energy balance

73
Q

What might be the cause of enometritis in ‘problem mares’ not responding to Abs

A

Fungal infection
–> See extreme inflammatory response with purulent vulval discharge

Treat via lavage e.g PI
+ pessary anti-fungal

Equine reproduction (3 decks)

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