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Equine reproduction > Infertility and obstetrics in horses > Flashcards

Infertility and obstetrics in horses Flashcards

1
Q

How to diagnose granulosa cell tumour

A

Measure an increased level of anti-MH (since increased in all cases)

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2
Q

Which hormones can be made by granulosa cell tumours

A

Progesterone, oestrogen, testosterone, inhibin, antiMH
- Behavioural signs relate to which one mainly being made e.g testosterone (stallion-like behaviour), oestrogen (persistent oestrus)

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3
Q

Treating a granulosa cell tumour

A

Hemi-ovariectomy; by removing the large, cancerous ovary will release -ve feedback on other ovary which should become normal size and start cycling

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4
Q

What is Turner’s syndrome

A

= XO chromosomal abnormality
Mares with small size, tiny ovaries, underdeveloped uterus

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5
Q

What is lactational anoestrus

A

When -ve feedback from prolactin has shut down cycling
= a true anoestrus (as in winter) vs prolonged diestrus

To treat: with GnRH implant, dopamine antagonists (because prolactin stimulates dopamine which inhibits GnRH production)

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6
Q

Common causes of non-conception in mares

A

Persistent low grade endometriosis
–> Can develp to
Endometrial cysts/endometrosis

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7
Q

Theory for why endometrial cysts prevent conception

A

May block the movement of a pre-implantation blastocyst which is thought to be important for maternal recognition of pregnancy

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8
Q

Expected consequence of successful conception/pregnancy with endometrial cysts

A

Prolonged gestation and dysmaturity

Less likely to get abortion; would have to be so severe that fetus starved

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9
Q

What is the most common non-infectious cause of abortion

A

Twisted umbilical cord

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10
Q

What is testicular hypoplasia

A

Congenital issue in stallions
- Not born without enough testicular tissue so low sperm output and infertility

Testicles feel soft with less defined epididymis + sperm sample shows very few sperm

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11
Q

Drugs used to treat shyness/psychological reluctance to mate in stallions

A

Main one: Diazepam to reduce anxiety
+ Could SHORT-TERM use testosterone/GnRH to improve libido

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12
Q

Drug treatments for inadequate erection

A

Prostaglandins: causes standing erection
+ could try GnRH

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13
Q

What type of control over ejaculation and which drugs to treat dysfunction

A

= under autonomic control
Use alpha-adrenergic activation (e.g norepinephrine) or beta-adrenergic inhibition

PGF2alpha has been used for spontaneous ejaculation (50%) but side effects

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14
Q

What is the hCG stimulation test used for

A

To work out if stallion is overused
- Inject hCG and look for testosterone/oestrogen production

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15
Q

Signs of overuse in a stallion

A

Mares scan empty
Testicles feel soft
2nd sperm sample has very low concentration
Increase in secondary morphological defects of sperm e.g retained cytoplasmic droplet

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16
Q

What is paraphimosis

A

Penis extruded but can’t get it back in

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17
Q

How long is the spermatogenic cycle

A

56-58 days

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18
Q

What is priapism

A

When penis becomes erect in absence of sexual stimulation

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19
Q

What drug administration in horses can lead to priapism

A

ACP = acepromazine

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20
Q

What is urospermia and how to treat

A

Occurs when stallion urinates during ejaculation
Should manage: train stallion to urinate before collection
- Can use diazepam

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21
Q

What are LH levels like in impotent stallions

A

Low

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22
Q

What is testicular degeneration

A

= acquired condition usually in older stallions
From injury, infection, malnutrition, drugs, age

Testes soft OR firm, oliospermic (low sperm count)

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23
Q

Differentiating testicular hypoplasia and degeneration

A

HISTORY: AGE AND PREVIOUS BREEDING HISTORY

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24
Q

What material does Klebsiella like to live in

A

Damp wood

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25
What material does pseudomonas like to live in
Stale water
26
Do stallions get ill from venereal pathogens (3 common bacteria)
NO they are carriers
27
Where to swab mares from for venereal pathogen testing
Clitoral fossa, deep fossa, lateral deep fossa Check these THEN can swab uterus; but don't want to track infection up
28
What is the use of specific broth post cleansing clitoris
To restore normal microflora
29
Treating infectious endometritis
Do when in oestrus so cervix open - Large volume lavage with warm saline - Antibiotics (local or systemic) - Oxytocin to encourage squeezing out of any liquid in uterus
30
What bacteria causes contagious equine metritis
Tayorella equigenitalis = notifiable
31
Which Klebsiella capsule types cause venereal disease
1, 2 and 5 (NB: urea +ve strains are more pathogenic)
32
What disinfectant to use on different venereal bacteria
Tay equi: chlorhexidine Kleb pneumonia: ANY Pseudomonas aer: povidine iodine (NOT chlorhexidine)
33
Specific venereal virus affecting horses
Equine herpes virus 3 - Causes tiny blisters on shaft
34
Non-specific bacteria involved in low grade endometritis and HOW
Happens when normal inflammatory reaction to sperm not cleared up --> Fluid sits there; susceptible to commensals that enter with covering = Strep equi subsp zooepidemicus,
35
Ways that bacteria can reach fetus to cause infection
1) Ascending infection due to poor perineal conformation 2) From commensals that entered during mating 3) RARELY: via haematogenous spread; won't start at cervical star
36
Which herpes virus is an important cause of abortion
EHV-1
37
What happens if a fetus infected with EHV-1 right at end of gestation
Can get live foal with 'neonatal foal disease' = jaundice, weak, neurological/resp signs Will die within 3 days
38
Placental/fetal findings from EHV-1 abortion
EXPLOSIVE abortion: so placenta comes out with red side on outside Fetus fresh but meconium stined due to stress of placental detachment White spots on liver, splenic follciles --> See foci of necrosis on histology
39
Why can't we use serology to test for EHV-1
Because mares don't seroconvert; stay health + many vaccinated
40
Which equine herpes virus can cause abortion storms
EHV-1 (c/f EHV-4)
41
Is EHV-1 notifiable
No
42
Is equine viral arteritis notifiable
YES
43
What determines shedding status in stallions with equine viral arteritis
Testosterone levels
44
Clinical signs in mares with equine viral arteritis
THEY ARE SICK = due to vasculitis: congested MMs, depression, pyrexia, conjuntiviis, oedema
45
Abortion characteristics with equine viral arteritis
fetus AUTOLYSED + mare shows sytemic disease
46
Can we vaccinates mares against EVA
NO - assume all to be negative due to notifiable status But can vaccinate stallions to avoid testing each season
47
Key differences b/w EHV-1 and EVA causing abortion
> Can vaccinate against EHV-1 > Mares not sick with EHV-1 > Fetus fresh with EHV-1 > EHV-1 spreads easily via droplets, survival in environment while EVA is only really spread by covering
48
Difference in timing of bacterial vs fungal abortions
Bacterial: any time from 5 months Fungal: in LATE gestation; 10 months
49
What does oestrus sulphate in mare blood mean
There is a live foal pregnancy
50
Diagnosing a uterine torsion
History: usually old mare in late gestation Rectal palpation: feel uterine twist; one broad ligament will be taught and one slack --> Treat via standing flank laparotomy (rolling not appropriate due to friable uterus)
51
What is uterine dorsoretroflexion
Rare condition in last trimester Fetus moves up into pelvic canal too early causing straining and colic signs - Can see bulge from vulval area and will palpate live fetus within tight uterus
52
Treating uterine dorsoretroflexion
Spasmolytics, sedation, gental exercse
53
Which fluid is more commonly overproduced in hydrops
Allantois (more rearely is amniotic) Can get up to 250L vs normal 15L NB: if not near term, must abort
54
When do we commonly see premature mammary gland development/lactation
With placentitis Or if getting ready to abort
55
Cause of urine stained vulval discharge in late term mare
Usually urine pooling in cranial vagina due to poor perineal conformation and splash back
56
What is a cause of blood at vulva in heavily pregnant older mares
Varicose veins in dorsal vestibule - Get more bleeding when laying down as vein opens
57
What drug to we use to induce parturition
Oxytocin
58
What can we give high risk mares if likely to give birth early
ACTH; will cross placenta and stimulate adrenal maturation (NB: can't give corticosteroids as can't cross the placenta)
59
Why might we supplement mares with placentitis with Progesterone
May not be producing enough to maintain the pregnancy --> To prevent abortion
60
Incidence of dystocia in thoroughbreds
~4%
61
Most common cause of dystocia in horses
Fetal maldisposition
62
Primary vs secondary uterine inertia
Primary: voluntary stopping contractions e,g due to disturbance; leave alone or induce with oxytocin Secondary: because muscles to week e.g from senility, fetal maldisposition, hydrops --> help with traction
63
What does 'red bag' coming out of vagina mean
Chorioallantois - being this way round means there has been premature separation = emergency
64
How to stop mare contracting
Stand her up Put stomach tube up nose and down trachea which stops breath holding and makes abdominal contractions weaker Sedation Clenbuterol can be used to stop uterine contractions BUT not useful once in second stage labour (full abdominal contractions)
65
Indications for C section
Dystocia, electic with pelvic fractures, abdominal rupture etc
66
Why would we manipulate uterus per rectum for a few days following a C section
To prevent adhesions forming
67
What type of foetotomy is usually done in horses
Percutaneous
68
Considerations when choosing fetotomy vs C section
> whether future fertility or having a live foal is more important + cost constraints
69
Two outcomes of uterine artery haemorrhage + treatment
1) Haematoma formation if artery contained in broad ligament or mesentery 2) Death by bleeding out Can just hope it is a haematoma: may give 10% formalin to help clotting
70
Dealing with uterine prolapse
Clean, fix lacterations Insert into correct position (wine bottle for horns) Caslick's as all seals damaged Gentle exercise to encourage involution Systemic antibiotics and anti-endotoxic therapy
71
Which part of placenta is usually the bit that gets retained
Non-pregnant horn
72
Treating agalactia
Want to stimulate prolacting via milk mare out to stimulate + Block dopamine using antagonists Ensure +ve energy balance
73
What might be the cause of enometritis in 'problem mares' not responding to Abs
Fungal infection --> See extreme inflammatory response with purulent vulval discharge Treat via lavage e.g PI + pessary anti-fungal

Equine reproduction (3 decks)

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