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Hello to my maternal class > Infertilities maternal > Flashcards

Infertilities maternal Flashcards

1
Q

Inability conceives a child or sustains a pregnancy to childbirth.
Exist when a pregnancy has not occurred after at least 1 year of engaging in unprotected coitus.

A

Infertility

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2
Q

the term more often used today that can unable to produce a baby

A

Subfertility

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3
Q

the inability to conceive because of a known condition such as the absence of a uterus

A

Sterility

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4
Q

Types of subfertility

A

PRIMARY SUBFERTILITY
SECONDARY SUBFERTILITY

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5
Q

There have been no previous conception

A

PRIMARY SUBFERTILITY

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6
Q

There has been a previous viable pregnancy but the couple is unable to conceive at present

A

SECONDARY SUBFERTILITY

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7
Q

percent of couples are infertile after TWO yrs

A

10 percent

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8
Q

As a rule these are the limitations set by some health care settings before evaluation:
if a woman is younger than 35 years of age, it is usually suggested she have an evaluation after 1 year of subfertility
If a woman is older than 35 years, she should be seen after 6 months
if the couple is extremely apprehensive or knows of a specific problem that could be causing their difficulty in conceiving, studies should never be delayed, regardless of the couple’s age

A

Fertility Assessment

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9
Q

is the medical condition of a man whose semen contains no sperm.

A

Azoospermia

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10
Q

Failure to deposit Sperms

A

ED (formerly known as Impotence)
Premature ejaculation
Retrograde ejaculation
Use of Tricyclic antidepressants (TCA’s)

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11
Q

Inadequate Sperm Count

A

Sperm Count
Number of sperm in a single ejaculation or milliliter of semen
Normal: ranges from 15 million sperm to more than 200 million sperm per mL of semen
Factors that can affect sperm count:
Any condition that significantly increases body temperature
Congenital abnormalities (cryptorchidism)
Twisted spermatic cord
Varicocele

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12
Q

Obstruction or Impaired Motility

A

Occur at any point along the pathway that spermatozoa must travel to reach the outside.
Causes:
Mumps orchitis
Epididymitis
Tubal infections (gonorrhea or ascending urethral infection)
Congenital stricture of the spermatic duct

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13
Q

4 causes of male infertility

A
  1. failure to produce sperm
  2. failure to deposit sperm
  3. Inadequate sperm count
  4. obstructions or impaired mobility
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14
Q

Test for semen

A

Semen Analysis

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15
Q

tests for the following:
number of sperm (volume)
shape of sperm
movement of sperm, or “sperm motility”

A

Semen analysis

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16
Q

Done 2 – 4 days of sexual abstinence and/or abstinence from ejaculation
Spermatozoa are examined under a microscope within 2 hours of collection noting appearance and motility
Repeated in 2 – 3 months

A

Semen Analysis

17
Q

days of sexual abstinence and/or abstinence from ejaculation for semen analysis

A

2-4 days

18
Q

are examined under a microscope within 2 hours of collection noting appearance and motility

A

Spermatozoa

19
Q

Semen Analysis is repeated in…

A

2 -3 months

20
Q

Primary pathologies of the male reproductive system can cause oxidative stress to sperm and can cause spermatozoal dysfunction and leads to infertility.

A
  1. Male accessory gland infection
  2. Immature/Abnormal spermatozoa
  3. Prolonged stasis of spermatozoa in the epididymis or in transit.
21
Q

Environmental factors that cause male infertility

A
  1. Drugs
  2. Smoking
  3. Pollution and radiation
22
Q

Systemic pathologies for male infertility

A
  1. Diabetes
  2. Cancer
  3. Systemic Infection
23
Q

total sperm count in ejaculation

A

39-928 million

24
Q

Female Infertility causes…

A
  1. Ovarian factors
  2. Tubal transport problems
  3. Uterine Problems
  4. Cervical problems
25
Q

The ovarian factors affecting female infertility

A

PCOS
Hyperprolactinemia
Hypothyroidism
Premature ovarian failure
Luteal phase defect

26
Q

Usually due to scarring of the fallopian tubes
PID
Infection of pelvic organs is usually caused by chlamydia and gonorrhea
Ruptured AP
Abdominal surgery involving infection

A

Tubal Transport Problems

27
Q
  1. Tumors block the entrance of the fallopian tubes OR Limit space available for effective implantation
  2. Uterine deviations
    3, Poor secretions of estrogen and progesterone
  3. Endometriosis
A

Uterine Problems

28
Q

Infection and inflammation of the cervix
Stenotic cervical os
Congenital
Scarring from D&C and/or cervical surgeries.
Obstruction of the cervix (e.g. Polyp)

A

Cervical Problems

29
Q

Types of Fertility testing

A
  1. Hysterosalpingography
  2. Laparoscopy
  3. Uterine Endometrial Biopsy
  4. Hysteroscopy
30
Q

Radiologic examination of the fallopian tubes using a radio-opaque medium

A

Hysterosalpingography

31
Q

opaque water soluble dye is injected into the cervix and noted

A

Radio

32
Q

Introduction of a thin, flexible lighted tube (laparoscope) through a small incision in the abdomen just above the umbilicus to examine the position and state of the fallopian tubes and ovaries.

Done during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle and done under general anesthesia
Used to view the proximity of the ovaries to the fallopian tubes.

A

Laparoscopy

33
Q

Used as a test for ovulation or to reveal an endometrial problem such as a luteal phase defect.

A catheter is inserted into the uterus through the vagina to remove cells from the uterine lining for examination.

A

Uterine Endometrial
Biopsy

34
Q

Visual inspection of the uterus through the insertion of a hysteroscope through the cervix
Helpful in discovering uterine adhesions

A

Hysteroscopy

35
Q

Man is advised to abstain from coitus 7 – 10 days to increase the amount
Ligation of a varicocele
Lifestyle changes
Wearing loose clothing
Avoiding long periods of sitting
Avoid prolonged hot baths

A

Low Sperm Count

36
Q

Hormone Therapy for fertility management

A
  1. Clomiphene citrate
  2. Human Menopausal Gonadotrophin
  3. Bromocriptine
  4. Conjugated Estrogen
  5. Progesterone vaginal suppositories
37
Q

Surgery for Infertility management

A
  1. myomectomy
  2. Lysis of uterine adhesions
  3. Diathermy
  4. Cannulation of the fallopian tubes
38
Q

Done if myoma is interfering with fertility

A

myomectomy

39
Q

If the problem is tubal insufficiency

A

Diathermy and Cannulation of the fallopian tubes

Hello to my maternal class (3 decks)

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