Infectious Process, Infectious Disease, Classification

Question 1

Definition of Infectious process:

Answer 1

Dynamic process of interaction between susceptible macroorganisms and pathogenic microbe (etiological agent)
-includes origination, development and end of pathological conditions in host (macroorganism)

Question 2

What dose Infectious processes depend on:

Answer 2

• Presence of pathogenic microbe
• Way of shedding (from one to another)
• Presence of susceptible macroorganism

Question 3

Infection is expressed:

Answer 3

In a form of infectious disease

Question 4

Infectious diseases cause:

Answer 4

• Functional and organic damage of the macroorganism
• Mobilisation of defence mechanisms
• Stages (disease), clinical picture and mass occurrence

Question 5

What are Etiological agents:

Answer 5

• Pathogenic bacteria
• Pathogenic fungi
• Viruses and Prions

Question 6

Etiological agents are able to:

Answer 6

• Penetrate into susceptible macroorganism
• Cause infectious process
• Be excreted into environment
• Be transmitted to the next susceptible individuals

Question 7

What is Pathogenicity:

Answer 7

The genetic ability of a microbe to cause infectious process in a susceptible macroorganism

Question 8

What is the division of Etiological agents according to pathogenicity:

Answer 8

• Obligatory pathogen = always cause infectious disease
• Facultative pathogen = only under some condition cause disease
• Apathogenic = not able to cause infectious disease

Question 9

Pathogenicity of agents depend on:

Answer 9

• Their ability to survive
  1. Infectivity (capability to enter, survive and multiply within host)
  2. Adaptability
  3. Selectivity
  4. Reproducibility
  5. Heritability
  6. Immunogenicity
  7. Transmissibility (contagious, non-contagious)

Question 10

What are the factors of virulence:

Answer 10

• Adhesins
• Toxin
• Enzyme
• Tenacity (temperature, light, humidity, pH)

Question 11

What is Tropism of pathogens (etiological agents):

Answer 11

Their tendency to infect organ or systems
* Monotropic = one organ or system
* Polytropic = more than one organ or system
* Pantropic = multiple sites in the organism

Question 12

What are the ways of entry of the pathogen (infectious process):

Answer 12

• Alimentary tract (GIT - Ingestion)
• Respiratory tract (Inhalation)
• Skin (dermal)
• Urogenital tract
• Mammary gland (lactogenic infection)
• Conjunctiva
• Umbilical infection
• Accidental entry

Question 13

What are the stages of infectious process:

Answer 13

• Incubation period (from exposure to clinical signs)
• Prodromal period (unspecific clinical signs)
• Manifestation period (specific clinical signs)
• Final period (recovery or death)

Question 14

What are the forms of infectious process according to duration:

Answer 14

• Peracute - short time
• Acute - few days to two weeks
• Subacute - two weeks to one month
• Subchronic - few months
• Chronic - many months

Question 15

What are the forms of infectious process according to its manifestation:

Answer 15

• Apparent
• Abortive
• Inapparent
• Latent

Question 16

What are the classification of animal infection according to Hosts:

Answer 16

• Zoological class
• Animal category
• Number of susceptible species (Monohostal, polyhostal)
• Transmissibility to man
• Transmissibility to newborn animals (congenital, hereditary)

Question 17

What are the classification of animal infection according to Etiological agents:

Answer 17

• Biological criteria (virus, bacteria,…)
• Origin of etiological agent (endogenous, exogenous,…)
• Contagiosity
• Quantity of agent species (monoetiological, polyetiological, multifactorial)
• Agents participation (primary, secondary infection)
• Interaction with the macroorganisms (re-infection, superinfection, recurrent infection, intercurrent infection)

Question 18

Animal infections can be classified according to:

Answer 18

• Hosts
• Etiological agents
• Mechanisms of transmission
• Portal of entry
• Localisation in organs or systems

Question 19

What is Epizootic process:

Answer 19

Biological, dynamic and multifactorial phenomenom based on the continous interaction among animal population, etiological agents and environment

Question 20

What is the Epizootiological Chain:

Answer 20

It is based on the circulation of etiological agents in animal population, repeating and continuing process of etiological agent transmission among susceptible hosts

Question 21

What are the stages of Epizootic Process: (6)

Answer 21

• Interepizootic stage ( from post to epizootic process activation)
• Preepizootic stage (population specific immunity is reduced)
• Ascending stage
• Culmination stage
• Descending stage
• Postepizootic stage

Question 22

What are the Forms of epizootic process: (3)

Answer 22

• Apparent = typical, atypical, abortive
• Inapparent
• Latent

Question 23

What are the Grades of epizootic process: (4)

Answer 23

• Sporadic (occurs irregularly)
• Enzootic (continuously present in a population or area longer)
• Epizootic (excess of normal expectancy in a population or area)
• Panzootic (occurs over wide area and affects large part of population)