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(J2) GI II Test 1 > Infectious Enterocolitis (Parasitic) > Flashcards

Infectious Enterocolitis (Parasitic) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common cause of dysentery in the world?

A

Entamoeba histolytica

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2
Q

What enteric parasites travel to the lungs, are coughed up, and swallowed as part of their lifecycle?

A
  • Ascaris lumbricoides (“giant” roundworm)
  • Strongyloides stercoralis (roundworm)
  • Ancylostoma spp. and Necator spp. (hookworms)
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3
Q

What enteric parasites enter the body via the skin?

A
  • Ancylostoma spp. and Necator spp. (hookworms)
  • Schistosoma spp.
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4
Q

What enteric parasites have something other than just eggs/ova passed in the stool?

A
  • Strongyloides stercoralis -> rhabditiform larva (roundworm)
  • Entamoeba histolytica -> trophozoites
  • Giardia lambia -> trophozoites
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5
Q

How does Entamoeba histolytica present?

A
  • bloody diarrhea/dysentery (invasive)
  • liver, lung, and brain abscesses (enter portal circulation)
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6
Q

How is Entamoeba histolytica transmitted?

(route and infectious form)

A
  • fecal-oral
  • ingested cysts
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7
Q

How is Entamoeba histolytica diagnosed/characterized?

A
  • stool ova/trophozoites
  • trophozoites with ingested erythrocytes
  • “flask-shaped” ulcers on biopsy (lyses tissue -> histo lytica)
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8
Q

How does Giardia lamblia present?

A
  • recent hiking/camping
  • foul smelling, fatty diarrhea/steatorrhea (damage to brush border -> malabsorption)
  • no blood in stool (non-invasive)
  • bloating/flatulence
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9
Q

How is Giardia lamblia transmitted?

(route and infectious form)

A
  • fecal-oral
  • ingestion of cysts (contaminated water)
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10
Q

How is Giardia lamblia diagnosed/characterized?

A
  • stool trophozoites/cysts
  • Ag detection

Description:

  • “pear-shaped” trophozoite
  • 4 flagella
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11
Q

What factor is associated with increased risk of Giardia lamblia infection?

A

IgA deficiency (hints: transfussion reactions or multiple respiratory infections)

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12
Q

How do Cryptosporidium spp. present?

A

-watery diarrhea (especially in HIV/AIDS)

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13
Q

How are Cryptosporidium spp. transmitted?

(route and infectious form)

A
  • fecal-oral
  • oocyst ingestion (contaminated water; pools and drinking water)
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14
Q

How are Cryptosporidium spp. diagnosed/characterized?

A
  • stool oocysts that are acid-fast
  • stool Ag

Description:

  • acid-fast (only parasite)
  • 4 motile sporozoites
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15
Q

What factor is associated with increased risk of Cryptosporidium spp. infection?

A

immunosuppression -> HIV/AIDS (most common cause of diarrhea)

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16
Q

How does Enterobius vermicularis present?

A

Pinworm:

-perianal itching (females migrate to perianal region at night to lay eggs)

17
Q

How is Enterobius vermicularis transmitted?

(route and infectious form)

A
  • fecal-oral
  • ingestion of eggs
18
Q

How is Enterobius vermicularis diagnosed/characterized?

A

-“scotch tape” test; picks up eggs on perianal folds that can be visualized on microscopy

Description:

  • nematode
  • pinworm
19
Q

How do Ancylostoma spp. and Necator spp. present?

A

Hookworms:

-iron defciency anemia (ingest blood from intestinal wall)

20
Q

How are Ancylostoma spp. and Necator spp. transmitted?

(route and infectious form)

A
  • penetrate skin (sole of foot) -> blood stream -> lungs -> coughed up and swallowed (enters GI)
  • **larva** from infected soil
21
Q

How are Ancylostoma spp. and Necator spp. diagnosed/characterized?

A
  • eggs in stool
  • eosinophilia (helminth)
  • microcytic anemia
22
Q

How does Ascaris lumbricoides present?

A

Roundworm:

  • intestinal obstruction (large number of worms)
  • pneumonitis
  • Löffler syndrome
23
Q

How is Ascaris lumbricoides transmitted?

(route and infectious form)

A
  • fecal-oral
  • ingestion of eggs from contaminated soil
  • once in GI tract, larvae travel to lungs via cirucalation -> cough up and swallowed (auto-infection)
24
Q

How is Ascaris lumbricoides diagnosed/characterized?

A
  • eggs in stool
  • eosinophilia (helminth)

Description:

  • helminth
  • giant round worm
25
Q

How does Strongyloides stercoralis present?

A

Roundworm:

  • larva currens (itchy, cutaneous condition from migration through dermis)
  • Löffler’s syndrome (esoinophil accumulation in lungs -> coughing and dyspnea)
  • abdominal pain
  • diarrhea
26
Q

How is Strongyloides stercoralis transmitted?

(route and infectious form)

A
  • penetrate skin (sole of foot) -> blood stream -> lungs -> coughed up and swallowed (enters GI)
  • **larva** from infected soil
  • once in GI tract, larvae lay eggs in intestinal wall -> hatched larvae enter blood and travel to lungs -> cough up and swallowed (auto-infection)
27
Q

How is Strongyloides stercoralis diagnosed/characterized?

A
  • **rhabditiform larvae** in stool (lay eggs in intestinal wall that hatch there -> eggs not passed in stool)
  • eosinophilia (helminth)

Description:

-threadworm

28
Q

How does Dihyllobothrium latum present?

A

Fish tapeworm:

  • typically asymptomatic
  • pernicious anemia
  • neurologic symptoms
29
Q

How is Diphyllobothrium latum transmitted?

(route and infectious form)

A

-ingestion of contaminated fish (intermediate host)

30
Q

How is Diphyllobothrium latum diagnosed/characterized?

A
  • eggs in feces
  • eosinophilia
  • megaloblastic anemia/vitamin B12 deficiancy

Description:

  • cestode
  • flatworm/tapeworm
31
Q

What are the Taenia spp.?

A
  • Taenia saginata (beef tapeworm)
  • Taneia solium (pork tapeworm)
32
Q

How do Taenia spp. present?

A

Beef/pork tapeworms:

  • both typically asymptomatic
  • T. solium* cyst accumulation in non-GI tissues -> cysticercosis (rare)
  • seizures w/ increased intracranial pressure (neuro cysticercosis)
  • myalgia (muscle cysticercosis)
  • eye pain/vision loss (ocular cysticercosis)
33
Q

How are Taenia spp. transmitted?

(route and infectious form)

A
  • T. saginata*:
  • ingestion of contaminated beef ( (intermediate host)
  • T. solium*:
  • ingestion of contaminated pork (intermediate host)
34
Q

How are Taenia spp. diagnosed/characterized?

A

-eggs or **proglottids** in stool

Description:

  • cestodes
  • flatworm/tapeworm (up to meters in length)
  • scolex at “head” for attachment
35
Q

What are the Schistosoma spp.?

A

Bladder:

-S. haematobium

Intestinal/liver:

  • -S. masoni*
  • S. japonicum
  • S. mekongi
36
Q

How do Schistosoma spp. present?

A

Intestinal:

-bloody diarrhea

Liver:

-liver cysts -> cirrhosis/portal hypertension (second leading cause of cirrhosis after EtOH)

Bladder (S. haematobium):

  • hematuria
  • dysuria
  • bladder cancer (SCC)
37
Q

How are Schistosoma spp. transmitted?

(route and infectious form)

A
  • swimming in water with infected snails (intermediate host)
  • cercariae penetrate skin -> circulation (portal) -> liver/intestine
38
Q

How are Schistosoma spp. diagnosed/characterized?

A
  • eggs in feces/urine
  • eosinophilia

Description:

-trematode/fluke

(J2) GI II Test 1 (14 decks)

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