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human Diseases > Infectious Diseases > Flashcards

Infectious Diseases Flashcards

0
Q

Etiology

A

Cause of injection usually by pathogenic microorganisms

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1
Q

Infection

A

Major cause of disease

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2
Q

Mortality

A
  • condition of being subject to death

- how long a person will live with or without a disease

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3
Q

Morbidity

A
  • illness or abnormal condition or quality

- condition or way they will live with the disease

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4
Q

Communicable or Contagious Diseases

A

Aka: Community Acquired

- Diseases that spread from one person to another

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5
Q

Colonization

A

-Individual may have the organism in or on the body and not get the disease and may not cause an infection

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6
Q

Bacteria

A

-unicellular organism classified by shape

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7
Q

Cell wall

A
  • humans and animals do not have this

- gram + or gram - cell walls differ

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8
Q

Cell Membrane

A
  • semipermeable

- selectively controls movement

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9
Q

Cytoplasm

A
  • Contains RNA, DNA, Plasmids
  • DNA fragments are important in drug resistance
  • also important for metabolism growth and unique characteristics of the bacteria
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10
Q

Capsule/slime layer

A
  • Lines outside cell wall making it slippery

- interferes with phagocytosis

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11
Q

Flagellum

A
  • Tail like growth
  • used for motility
  • spiral whipping to propel
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12
Q

Pili or Fimbrae

A
  • found on Gram(-) bact
  • Attaches bacteria to tissue
  • Transfers DNA to other bacterium causing mutation
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13
Q

Viruses

A
  • Intracellular parasite

- Requires a living host cell for replication

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14
Q

Structure of viruses

A
  • Protein coat or capsid
  • Core of DNA or RNA (content of these provides method of classification for viruses)
  • Outer protective envelop making harder to latch onto slippery outside
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15
Q

Fungi

A

Infection from single cell yeasts or multicellular molds

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16
Q

Fungi: 3 Means of Production

A
  1. budding
  2. Extension of hyphae (Filaments)
  3. Production of spores (mold spores)
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17
Q

Protozoa

A

-unicellular organism with animal like characteristics, mobile, lack cell wall

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18
Q

Mycoplasma

A
  • smallest cellular microbe
  • lacks cell wall
  • reproduces by binary fission
  • Causes 15-20% of all pneumonia in developing countries
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19
Q

Direct contact

A

No Intermediary

-Microbes in blood, body, secretions, lesions

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20
Q

Indirect Contact

A

Involves intermediary

-contaminated food, water, bed linens

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21
Q

Droplet

A
  • Expelled from the body and inhaled by another person

- Fall on surface that is touched by someone else

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22
Q

Vector-Borne

A

insect or animal intermediary

Example: mosquito➡️malaria

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23
Q

Nosocomial

A

Acquired in a health care facility

  • Dirty hands major culprit
  • most common UTI and Pneumonia
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24
Q

Respiratory Droplet Infections

A
  • Common Cold
  • influenza
  • small pox
  • mumps
  • pertussis
  • Pneumonia
  • polio
  • strep
  • TB
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25
Q

Incubation period

A

Time between entry of organism into system and the appearance of clinical sign (hours-months)

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26
Q

Prodromal Period

A

General malaise varying in severity

-more evident in some infections

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27
Q

Acute period

A

Infectious disease develops fully

-length period varies with pathogen/host resistance

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28
Q

Recovery

A

Follows acute period when the infection either goes away

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29
Q

Chronic infection

A

Some organisms remain in the body

-clinical symptoms mild

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30
Q

Death

A
  • Infection spreads to the body

- Septicemia (form of shock causing muli-system organ failure )

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31
Q

Leukocytosis

A

⬆️ WBC seen in bacterial infection

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32
Q

Leukopenia

A

⬇️ WBC from normal count

Viral infection

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33
Q

Increased neutrophils =

A

Acute infection

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34
Q

⬆️ lymphocytes and monocytes=

A

Chronic infection

35
Q

Anthrax

A
  • Spore forming bacteria found in infected live stock

- transmission: direct contact

36
Q

Anthrax Symptoms

A
  • initially acts like a flu
  • if worsens
  • severe difficulty breathing
  • shock
  • meningitis
37
Q

West Nile Virus

A
  • bite from infected mosquito

- infection crosses the BBB and causes inflammation of brain

38
Q

Etiology of West Nile Virus

A

Vector borne transmission

-Incubation 3-14 days before symptoms detected

39
Q

West Nile symptoms

A

80% of victims are asymptomatic

  • rash
  • swollen lymp glands
  • coma paralysis
  • disorientation, tremors
  • fever headache rash
40
Q

Diagnosis for West Nile virus

A
  • get patients full clinical history (clinical picture)
  • ELISA blood test (differentiates different Ab in the blood)
  • Detects Ab to the virus within first few days of onset
41
Q

Anthrax Treatment

A
  • **antibiotics NOT used for viruses
  • alleviates symptoms (analgesics)
  • fluids and rest
42
Q

Common Cold

A

Acute Cortez’s

Upper respiratory infection

43
Q

Common Cold Etiology

A

Causes by approx. 200 different viruses

  • Rhinoviruses cause 1/2 of colds in adults
  • followed by bacterial infection
44
Q

Common Cold Signs & Symptoms

A
  • nasal drainage
  • watery eyes
  • sore throat and cough
  • slight fever
  • incubates for 2-5 days from exposure
45
Q

Common Cold Diagnosis

A

Clinical picture

-may do CBC & Sputum culture to rule out more serious problems

46
Q

Common Cold Treatment

A
  • clears in 3-7 days

- rest, liquids, and decongestants

47
Q

Influenza Etiology

A

Viral epidemic: epidemic that occurs in cycles around the world

48
Q

Influenza mixovirus 3 kinds

A

Type A: most common

Type B: virus mutates frequently

Type C: transmitted by respiratory droplets

49
Q

Influenza Signs & Symptoms

A

sudden Onset

  • fever chills
  • headache, myalgia, malaise
  • sore throat cough (dry)
  • secondary bacterial infection may develop
50
Q

Influenza diagnosis

A

Clinical picture

  • presence from epidemic in area
  • check throat culture
  • immunofluorescence (nasal swab) to detect viral Ag
51
Q

Influenza treatment

A

-analgesic, antipyretic, rest, liquids

Anti-viral drugs

52
Q

Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever Etiology

A
  • 4 or 5 identified Ebola viruses can cause disease in humans/primates
  • through Bats
  • Direct contact transmission through bodily fluid
53
Q

Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever: Signs & Symptoms

A
  • fever > 38.6
  • headache
  • muscle pain, weakness
  • diarrhea
  • vomiting
  • abdominal pain
  • lack of appetite
54
Q

Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever: Diagnosis

A

Nonspecific symptoms hard to diagnose

-lab tests needed to confirm

55
Q

Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever: treatment

A
56
Q

Staphylococcus aureus

A
  • Gram(+) bacteria, has cell wall
  • grows on human skin
  • may be carried in nasopharynx 15-20%of ppl
  • common cause of suppurative infections(pus forming)
57
Q

Staphylococcus aureus: Typical infections

A
  • boils
  • impetigo
  • cellulitis
  • bacterial endocarditis
  • toxic shock syndrome
58
Q

boils

A

Furuncles
-occur in and around hair follicles
Lack of hygiene

59
Q

impetigo

A

Skin infection spread by contact

60
Q

cellulitis

A

Spreading infection of skin and connective tissues

-severe inflammation

61
Q

Bacterial endocarditis

A

Caused by S. aureus septicemia

-after heart surgery valve replacement

62
Q

toxic shock syndrome

A

Caused by S. aureus endotoxins

-aseptic, wide spread exposure to S. aureus

63
Q

MRSA

A

Methacillin resistant staphylococcus aureus

  • resistant to most common antibiotics
  • not usually prob in healthy ppl
  • spreads easily in hospitals
64
Q

MRSA: treatment

A

Treat with Vancomycin along with other antibiotics

65
Q

MRSA: spread through

A

Close contacts with individuals

  • using other ppls towels
  • wound dressing
  • close contact sport
  • *does not spread in air
66
Q

VRE

A

vancomycin Resistant Enterococci

-lives for long time and extremely hard to get rid of

67
Q

Measles: Etiology

A

rubeola virus

  • spread by Airborne secretions
  • 10 to 20 day incubation
68
Q

Measles: signs and symptoms

A
  • fever
  • photophobia
  • Rash follows in 3-7 days
69
Q

Measles: Diagnosis

A

History of exposure and clinical picture

-leukopenia (⬇️WBC count)

70
Q

Measles: treatment

A

Rest
Darkened room
Antipyretic

71
Q

Rubella (German measles): Etiology

A

-rubella virus
-Spread by contact with nasal/oral secretions
14-21 day incubation

72
Q

Rubella signs and symptoms

A

Similar to rubeola, but milder with shorter course

73
Q

Rubella: Diagnosis

A
  • history of exposure and clinical picture

- throat culture or serum Antibodies for definitive diagnosis

74
Q

Rubella: Treatment

A

Bed rest
Antipruritics (relive itching)
Antipyretics

75
Q

Mumps: Etiology

A

Virus spread by Saliva, airborne route

-18 day incubation

76
Q

Mumps: s&s

A

Inflammation of one or both parotid glands that could cause aspiration due to swallowing troubles

  • headache
  • fever
  • earache
  • orchitis in adult male
77
Q

Mumps: diagnosis

A

History of exposure and clinical picture

78
Q

Mumps: treatment

A
  • analgesics
  • antipyretics
  • soft or liquid diet
79
Q

Varicella (chicken pox): etiology

A

-Varicella-zoster virus
-spread by direct contact or Respiratory secretions
13-17 day incubation

80
Q

Varicella Signs and symptoms

A

Pruritic rash goes from➡️papules➡️vesicles➡️crusts

-fever and malaise

81
Q

Varicella: Diagnosis

A

History of exposure and clinical picture

82
Q

Varicella treatment

A

Isolation until scabs disappear

  • antipruritics
  • antipyretics
83
Q

Pertussis (whooping cough): etiology

A

-Bordetella pertussis bacillus
-spread by respiratory Droplets, direct or indirect contact with nasal secretions of infected host
7-10 day incubation

84
Q

Pertussis; signs and symptoms

A
  • Catarrhal stage: symp similar to common cold
  • Paroxysmal Stage: violent cough, thick mucous obstructs airways
  • Decline stage: gradual improvement
85
Q

Pertussis: diagnosis

A

History of exposure and clinical picture

- leukocytosis B pertussis present in respiratory secretions

86
Q

Pertussis: treatment

A

Antibiotics most effective in catarrhal stage

  • rest, fluid, adequate diet
  • removal of thick secretions

human Diseases (2 decks)

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