Infectious Diseases Flashcards
The __________________ organism is responsible for the chickenpox infection.
varicella zoster
TRUE or FALSE
The three usual modes of transmission for the human immunodeficiency virus are sexual, percutaneous, and perinatal.
True
TRUE or FALSE
The first tier of isolation guidelines, called standard precautions, is designed for the care of all patients in the hospital and is the primary strategy for preventing health care–associated infections.
True
A nurse should wear a facemask within 3 to 6 feet of a hospitalized patient receiving ________________ precautions for an infection.
droplet
TRUE or FALSE
Penicillin G benzathine is the medication of choice for early syphilis or early latent syphilis of less than 1 year’s duration.
True
Although the incubation period for chickenpox is about 21 days, it is during the ________________ days before the rash develops that the newly infected host is capable of transmitting the virus to other susceptible contacts.
2
A ________________________ is a painless lesion at the site of primary syphilis infection which usually resolves spontaneously within 3 to 12 weeks.
chancre
Calicivirus, also referred to as _________________________, is the most common cause of foodborne illness and gastroenteritis in the United States.
norovirus
TRUE or FALSE
Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) is the most frequently isolated source of health care–associated infections in the United States.
False
TRUE or FALSE
Currently, there is no treatment for West Nile virus infection.
True
What is colonization?
Microorganisms present WITHOUT host interference or interaction
What is Infection?
A condition in which pathogenic microoganisms penetrate host defenses, enter the tissues, and multiply.
(Clinical evidence)
What is disease?
- Any deviation from health
- Causes: infections, diet, genetics, aging
What is infectious disease?
- Disruption of tissues or organs caused by microbes or their products
- Host displays a decline in wellness caused by the infection
What is a pathologic state?
- Cumulative effects of infection damage
- Disruption of tissues and organs
- Results in disease
What is a smear?
- Marker of likelihood of infection
- Provides most helpful information
- Describes mix of cells present at the anatomic site at the time of collection
What is a stain?
- Sample taken from site of infection
- Gram stain is used to check for type of bacteria
What is a Culture & Susceptibility test?
- Identifies which organisms are present and which antibiotics they are sensitive to
- Usually takes 5-7 days
Isolation Precautions
Tier One
Standard Precautions
Tier Two
Transmission Based
Standard Precautions
- Care of all patients
- Primary goal is to prevent HAIs
- Hand Hygiene
- Gloves, Gown, Masks (when in contact with body fluids)
- Proper handling of patient equipment/linens/biohazards
- Prevention of injury by sharps/needles
- Clean patient rooms
- Patient assignments to nurses
Contact Precautions
- Gown
- Gloves
- Must use patient-dedicated or disposable equipment
- C.diff: hands must be washed with soap and water upon exiting room
Chickenpox
Multi-drug Resistant Bacteria
Highly contagious Skin Infections
Viral hemorrhagic infections
Airborne Precautions
- Gloves
- Gown
- Eye protection
- N95 mask
- Negative pressure room
- Keep door closed
Measles
Varicella
Tuberculosis
Covid
Droplet Precautions
- Gloves
- Gown
- Mask
- Eye Protection
- Door can remain open
Influenza
Pertussis
Mumps
Rubella
Pneumonia
Extra
Neutropenic Precautions
- NO raw fruits/vegetables
- NO live flowers/plants
- NO entry if sick
Norovirus
Diarrheal Disease
- Foodborne
- Highly contagious
- 6% of total cases
- Common on cruise ships/buffets
Campylobacter
Diarrheal Disease
- Poultry, beef, pork
- 11% of total cases
Rotavirus
Diarrheal Disease
- Most common cause
- 33% of all cases
- Fecal/Oral
Salmonella
Diarrheal Disease
- Eggs and Chicken (uncooked)
Shigella
Diarrheal Disease
- Fecal/Oral
- 10% of all cases
E. coli
Diarrheal Disease
- Beef, vegetables (Contaminated by animal wastewater)
- 10% of all cases
Giardia
Diarrheal Disease
- Contaminated water/food
Cholera
Diarrheal Disease
- Shellfish contamination
Rehydration Rate for
Mild Dehydration
ORS 50ml/kg over 4 hours
Rehydration Rate for
Moderate Dehydration
ORS 100mL/kg over 4 hours
Rehydration rate for
Severe Dehydration
IV replacement until hemodynamic and mental status return to normal
Then treat with ORS
Nursing Process for patients with STIs
Protect Confidentiality
* Five “P”s: partners, prevention of pregnancy, protection from STIs, practices, past history of STIs
* Communication needs to be culturally an emotionally sensitive
* Physical examination: rashes, lesions, drainage, inguinal nodes, genitalia, rectal, mouth, throat
Syphillis
Reportable Disease
* Primary: 3-6 weeks after exposure
* Secondary
* Latency (no symptoms)
* Tertiary: Very serious - 10-30 yrs after exposure if initial infection was not treated
Treatment: Penicillin G IM
Chlamydia and Gonorrhea
Most Common
* Women 15-24 highest incidence
* Women: UTI, vaginitis
* Men: more symptoms, penile discharge, burning during urination
* Complications: PID (Pelvic Inflammatory Disease), ectopic pregnancy, infertility, arthritis, bloodstream infection
* All women who are pregnant are tested
* Treatment: Depends on symptoms
Who sets safety guidelines that are followed by hospitals?
- CDC
- WHO
Who sets regulations for hazardous substances?
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
