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Infectious Diseases Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are pathogens

A

Pathogens are microorganisms that cause infectious disease

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2
Q

What are the Types of Pathogens

A

Bacteria
Viruses
Protists
Fungi

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3
Q

Describe how bacteria make us ill

A

Once inside the human body bacteria reproduce rapidly
Bacteria can then release harmful chemicals called toxins
Toxins damage tissues and make us ill

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4
Q

What’s a virus

A

Viruses cannot reproduce by themselves. They can only reproduce inside a host cell
Viruses cannot be killed by antibiotics

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5
Q

Describe how a virus makes us ill

A

First the virus invades the host cell
The virus now reproduces inside the host cell
This is very damaging to the cell. When the virus leaves the cell it can cause the cell to burst open and die

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6
Q

How do pathogens spread

A

In the air
In water
Direct contact between individuals

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7
Q

How to reduce the spread of pathogens

A

Washing your hands before eating
Using clean drinking water
Using a condom during sexual intercourse
For highly infectious diseases patients may be isolated
Vaccination

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8
Q

What is measles

A

A highly infectious disease that can be fatal if complications arise

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9
Q

Symptoms of measles

A

Fever
Red skin rash

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10
Q

How do measles spread

A

The measles virus is spread by inhalation of droplets from sneezes and coughs

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11
Q

How to prevent measles

A

Most children are vaccinated

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12
Q

Symptoms of HIV

A

Flu-like illness

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13
Q

What is HIV

A

Late stage of HIV or AIDS occurs when the body’s immune system becomes so badly damaged it can no longer deal with infections or cancers.

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14
Q

How is HIV spread

A

Through sexual inter course or exchange of body fluids such as blood

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15
Q

How is HIV treated

A

Antiretroviral drugs stop the virus from multiplying inside the patient so the virus does not damage the patient’s immune system

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16
Q

How is Salmonella Food Poisoning spread

A

Spread by bacteria ingested in food or on food prepared in unhygienic conditions

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17
Q

Symptoms of Salmonella food poisoning

A

Fever
Abdominal cramps
Vomiting
Diarrhea
These are caused by the bacteria and toxins they secrete

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18
Q

How is the spread of Salmonella Food poisoning controlled

A

Chicken are vaccinated against salmonella to control the spread

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19
Q

What is Gonnorrhoea

A

A sexually transmitted disease (STD)

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20
Q

Symptoms of Gonorrhoea

A

Thick yellow or green discharge from the penis or vagina
Pain when urinating.

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21
Q

How was Gonorrhoea treated

A

It’s caused by a bacterium and was easily treated with the antibiotic penicillin. Antibiotic resistant strains are now common

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22
Q

How to stop the spread of Gonorrhoea

A

Using a condom during sexual intercourse stops the bacteria passing from person to person
People who have unprotected sex should be tested for Gonorrhoea

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23
Q

Difference between bacterial and viral diseases

A

Viral cannot be killed using antibiotics whereas bacterial can

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24
Q

What is malaria

A

A communicable disease that is spread by a pathogen
The malaria pathogen is an example of a protist
People with malaria experience repeated bouts of fever and malaria can be fatal.

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25
Q

How is malaria spread

A

First the infected person is bitten by a mosquito.
The malaria pathogen passes into the mosquito.
The mosquito now bites a different person and passes the malaria pathogen to them
Scientists call the mosquito a vector because it carries the pathogen from one person to another person.

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26
Q

How to stop the spread of malaria

A

We need to stop the vector(mosquito) from breeding
This can be done by draining areas of still water or spray them with insecticide
Use mosquito nets to avoid being bitten

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27
Q

What is the non-specific defense system

A

It prevents pathogens from entering the human body

28
Q

List parts of the non specific defense system

A

Skin
Nose
Trachea and bronchi
Stomach

29
Q

Describe the skins role in the non specific defense system

A

The skin forms a protective layer covering the body
The outer layer consists of dead cells and is difficult for pathogens to penetrate
The skin also produces an oily substance called sebum which can kill bacteria
The skin also forms scabs to stop pathogens entering through damaged skin

30
Q

Describe the Nose role in the non specific defense system

A

Nose hairs and mucus trap pathogens before they enter the breathing system

31
Q

Describe the role of trachea and bronchi in the non specific defense system

A

The trachea and bronchi are covered in tiny hairs called cilia
Cilia are covered in mucus which trap pathogens
The cilia now waft the mucus upwards towards the throat where it is swallowed into the stomach

32
Q

Describe the role of the stomach in the non specific defense system

A

HCL in the stomach kills pathogens before they can make their way down into the digestive system

33
Q

What does the immune system do

A

Destroys pathogens and any toxins they produce
Protects us in case the same type of pathogen invades us again in the future

34
Q

What do WBC do

A

WBC can ingest and destroy pathogens

35
Q

Describe phagocytosis

A

The WBC detects chemicals released from the pathogen and moves towards it
The WBC then ingests the pathogens
Now the WBC uses enzymes to destroy the pathogens

36
Q

What are antibodies

A

Protein molecules produced by WBC

37
Q

Describe how antibodies work

A

A WBC releases antibodies
The antibodies stick to the pathogens
This triggers the pathogens to be destroyed

38
Q

Describe how antitoxins work

A

WBC produces antitoxins
Antitoxins stick to toxin molecules and prevent them from damaging cells

39
Q

What is Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)

A

TMV is a very widespread plant infection
TMV infects a number of different plant species including tomatoes
TMV causes the leaves to discolor in a mosaic pattern
Because of this discoloration the rate of photosynthesis is reduced
This means the growth of the plant is reduced

40
Q

What is Rose Black Spot

A

Rose black spot is caused by a fungus
This causes the leaves to develop purple or black spots
The leaves then often turn yellow and fall off
Rose black spot causes the rate of photosynthesis to fall and this reduces the rate of growth

41
Q

How is rose black spot fungus spread

A

By water or by wind

42
Q

How to treat rose black spot

A

Spray the plant with fungicides in order to kill fungi
Or Remove the infected leaves and then destroy the,

43
Q

Explain how vaccinations work

A

Vaccinations involves introducing small quantities of dead or inactive forms of a pathogen into the body to stimulate the wbc to produce antibodies. If the same pathogen re-enters the body the wbc respond quickly to produce the correct antibodies, preventing infection

44
Q

What is herd immunity

A

When an unvaccinated person is surrounded by people who are vaccinated so they are also protected from the disease as no one around them can pass the pathogen on.

45
Q

What are antibiotics

A

Antibiotics such as penicillin are medicines that help to cure bacterial disease by killing infective bacteria inside the body.

46
Q

What is antibiotic resistance

A

This is when antibiotics are no longer effective against certain bacteria
This is because antibiotics had been overused
This means the bacteria have evolved so it cannot get killed by the antibiotic

47
Q

Antibiotics and pain killers main points

A

Antibiotics cannot kill viral pathogens
Painkillers and other medicines are used to treat the symptoms of disease but do not kill pathogens
It is difficult to develop drugs that kill viruses without also damaging body tissues

48
Q

Where does heart drug digitalis originate from

A

Foxgloves plants

49
Q

Where does the pain killer aspirin originate from

A

Willow trees

50
Q

How was penicillin discovered

A

Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin in the mound penicillium

51
Q

Describe how drugs are tested and trialed

A

Firstly, we need to check the toxicity of the drug
Then check that the drugs is effective
We need to work out the best dose of the drug

52
Q

What is preclinical testing carried out on

A

Cells, tissues, and live animals

53
Q

Describe how clinical testing works

A

This is carried out on humans
In the first stage very low doses of the drug are given to healthy volunteers
If the drug is found to be safe further clinical trials are carried out to find the optimum dose for the drug
In double blind trials, some patients are given a placebo

54
Q

Describe how monoclonal antibodies are produced

A

Monoclonal antibodies are produced from a single clone of cells.
The antibodies are specific to one binding site on one protein antigen and so are able to target a specific chemical or specific cells in the body

55
Q

Describe how monoclonal antibodies are produced using mouses

A

Inject a mouse with an antigen, so lymphocytes will produce antibodies against the antigen
Collect the lymphocytes from the mouse and fuse it with a tumor cell.
This produces a hybridoma
Hybridoma cells can produce antibodies and divide by mitosis
In the next stage select a single hybridoma cell producing the antibody that we want
Allow this hybridoma cell to divide by mitosis to form a clone of identical hybridoma cells
This can then be collected and purified

56
Q

Describe how monoclonal antibodies are used in pregnancy tests

A

In pregnancy testing monoclonal antibodies are used to detect a specific hormone which is produced by the placenta of the fetus
These tests are cheap and easy to use
The woman urinates on the test strip and looks for a reaction
The test is highly accurate when used correctly

57
Q

Describe how monoclonal antibodies are used in lab testing

A

Monoclonal antibodies can be used to measure the levels of hormones in blood
Monoclonal antibodies can also be used to detect pathogens in the blood
The advantage of using monoclonal antibodies in these cases is that they are specific to what we are looking for

58
Q

Describe how monoclonal antibodies are used for location

A

Monoclonal antibodies can be used to locate or identify specific molecules in a cell or tissue
This is because the antibodies stick to specific molecules within the cell and allow us to see their location

59
Q

Describe how monoclonal antibodies are used in treating diseases

A

Scientists can make antibodies specific to cancer cells
We then attach a radioactive substance or a toxic drug to the antibody
When the antibody is injected into the blood, it attaches to the cancer cells
Now the radioactive substance or the toxic drug stops the cancer cells from growing and dividing
The antibody delivers the substance specifically to the cancer cells without harming other cells in the body

60
Q

What’s a problem with monoclonal antibodies

A

They produce very harmful side-effects

61
Q

How can plant diseases be detected by

A

Discoloration
Spots on leaves
Stunted growth
Decay
Growths
Malformed stems or leaves

62
Q

How to identify plant diseases

A

We can use a garden manual or website
We can take the infected plant to a lab to identify the pathogen
We can use testing kits containing monoclonal antibodies

63
Q

What does a lack of a nitrate ion cause in a plant

A

Stunted growth
Because nitrate is needed for protein synthesis and therefore growth

64
Q

What does a lack of magnesium ion cause in plants

A

The condition chlorosis (causes leaves to lose green color)
Because magnesium is required to make chlorophyll

65
Q

What are the physical responses of a plant

A

Cell wall-makes it difficult for microorganisms such as bacteria to penetrate
Waxy cuticle-makes it difficult for microorganisms to penetrate which protects the plant from attack
Bark-a barrier to entry by microorganisms

66
Q

What are the chemical responses of a plant

A

Plants release antibacterial chemicals which kill bacteria and prevent them attacking the plant
Plants can release poison to deter herbivores from grazing on the plant

67
Q

What are the mechanical responses of a plant

A

Sharp thorns-directly protect the plant from being eaten by a herbivore
Hairs-irritate the mouths of herbivores making the plant difficult to eat
Plants leaves that droop or curl when touched-these are meant to scare herbivores as it is unique
Mimicry-herbivores are less likely to eat a plant that looks like a poisonous plant

Biology (10 decks)

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