Infectious Diseases

Question 1

diseases that can be spread by bacteria, viruses, and other microbes, i.e.,

Answer 1

infectious diseases

Question 2

communicable diseases

Answer 2

can be passed from one individual to another, either through direct contact or contact with secretions from an infected person

Question 3

Bacteria are living organisms that consist of a ______ cell. They are found both inside and outside of the body and can reproduce in either environment.

Answer 3

single

Question 4

These are not cells, and have a protein coat or shell that encloses what they need to reproduce, either DNA or RNA. They need to be inside a host to reproduce

Answer 4

viruses

Question 5

a life-threatening condition resulting from an abnormal and counterproductive response by the body that causes damage to tissues and organs. The body overreacts and secretes substances that, instead of helping, hurt cells, tissues, and organs.

Answer 5

Sepsis

Question 6

In an adult with a documented or suspected infection, there is a higher risk of sepsis if the patient has two or more of the following:

Answer 6

-Temperature lower than 96.8° F (36° C) or higher than 101° F (38.3° C)
-Heart rate over 90
-Respiratory rate greater than 20
-Systolic blood pressure lower than 90 mmHg
-New-onset altered mental status or worsened mental status compared with normal

Question 7

____________ is caused by the varicella-zoster virus (VZV) and typically starts with vague symptoms resembling a cold, followed by fever and a rash that itches and looks like blisters. Symptoms start within 10–21 days of exposure, usually within 10–16 days

Answer 7

Chickenpox

Question 8

Koplik spots

Answer 8

small white or bluish-white spots on the inside of the cheek

Question 9

A highly infectious viral disease that starts with a fever, cough, and eye irritation.Within 3–7 days, a red, blotchy rash appears on the face and then spreads to the trunk and the rest of the body (Figure 24-4). The rash typically lasts 4–7 days.

Answer 9

Measles, or rubeola

Question 10

_____________ is a disease caused by paramyxovirus that typically starts with vague symptoms like muscle aches, loss of appetite, and headache. This progresses to swelling and inflammation of the salivary glands, usually one or both parotids (the largest salivary glands) in front of the ear

Answer 10

Mumps

Question 11

Hepatitis is a general term that means

Answer 11

inflammation of the liver

Question 12

_______________ starts suddenly in adults with fever, nausea, loss of appetite, malaise, and abdominal pain. A few days later, jaundice (yellowish coloring of the skin and the white part of the eye) appears (Figure 24-6). Older patients generally have worse symptoms and may take some time to recover, but in general patients make a complete recovery

Answer 12

Hepatitis A

Question 13

Hepatitis E is spread by the same route (fecal-oral) but by a different virus, which has characteristics very similar to those of _______

Answer 13

hepatitis A

Question 14

Patients usually present with nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and vague abdominal pain, which later progresses to jaundice. As with some other types of hepatitis, younger patients have fewer symptoms and may even have none, but they are much more likely to develop chronic infection. This carries a significant risk, because many of these patients will die young from cirrhosis or liver cancer. Approximately half of the world’s cases of liver cancer are the result of HBV chronic infection.

Answer 14

Hepatitis B

Question 15

Influenza, or flu, is a common viral illness that tends to occur at certain times of the year, but can occur at any time. More than two dozen viruses can cause influenza. Patients typically have _______

Answer 15

fever, nonproductive cough, severe muscle aches, sore throat, headache, and severe weakness

Question 16

also known as laryngotracheobronchitis, __________results from infection with a human parainfluenza virus (HPIV). Despite the resemblance of their names, parainfluenza and influenza are completely separate organisms and cause different signs and symptoms. A patient with this gets inflammation and swelling of the larynx, trachea, and bronchi, which is uncomfortable and can make breathing difficult. Children between 6 months and 3 years are most susceptible

Answer 16

Croup

Question 17

___________ is a respiratory infection caused by Bordetella pertussis bacteria. It begins like a typical upper respiratory infection (a cold), but does not resolve within the usual 7–10 days, and proceeds to worsen into “fits” of uninterrupted coughing followed by a “whooping” sound on inspiration. Infants may not display this last sign, because their respiratory muscles are not that well developed

Answer 17

Whooping cough

Question 18

caused by the bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae. Signs and symptoms include fever, chills, shortness of breath, tachypnea, chest pain that worsens on inspiration (pleuritic pain), and a productive cough. A chest X-ray typically shows an area where inflammation has consolidated in part of the lung

Answer 18

pneumonia

Question 19

______________ is a bacterial illness caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that has been recognized for centuries; in the past, it was sometimes called “consumption” because of the way the disease seemed to consume patients as they lost weight and got progressively sicker. Patients typically have a cough, fever, night sweats, and weight loss. The cough is initially dry, but later produces purulent (pus-filled) sputum

Answer 19

Tuberculosis (TB)

Question 20

Meningitis is an inflammation of the ____________, the membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord

Answer 20

meninges