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1. Patient Management > Infectious diseases > Flashcards

Infectious diseases Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of disease?

A

Absence of health

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2
Q

What is disease caused by?

A

Microorganisms

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3
Q

Define infection

A

Growth of a microorganism on or in a host, resulting in injury to the host.

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4
Q

What infection caused by?

A

Pathogenic organisms

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5
Q

Define pathogens

A

A biological agent that causes disease in its host

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6
Q

What pathogens caused by?

A

Biological agents

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7
Q

What 3 things do pathogens do?

A

-Multiply
-Secrete organic exotoxins (primarily by bacteria) as part of their growth and metabolism
-Cause tissue damage

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8
Q

Define exotoxins:

A

Proteins that cause dysfunction, by damaging host cell membranes or by entering target cells and directly altering function.

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9
Q

What causes exotoxins?

A

Pathogens

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10
Q

What symptoms do exotoxins cause?

A

Fever, nausea, vomiting etc

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11
Q

Describe the pathway when exotoxins act as superantigens:

A

Resulting in a massive T-cell activation→cytokines→ macrophages→ overproduction of proinflammatory cytokines→ shock and organ failure

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12
Q

Define bacteria:

A

-Microscopic, single-celled organisms.
-Prokaryotes - lack nuclei and membrane-bound organelles

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13
Q

How are bacteria classified?

A

1.Morphology (size & shape)
-Cocci
-Bacilli
-Spirals
2. Biochemistry
3.genetic constitution.

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14
Q

What 4 infections associated with bacteria?

A
  1. Streptococcal pharyngitis (Strep throat)
  2. Klebsiella pneumonia (Bacterial pneumonia)
  3. Clostridium botulinum (Food poisoning)
  4. Salmonella typhimurium (Salmonellosis)
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15
Q

What are the resistant forms of bacteria known as ?

A

Endospores

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16
Q

When are endospores produced?

A

Most often produced due to nutritional deprivation.

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17
Q

What are endospores resistant to?

A

-The Environment
-Chemicals

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18
Q

When do endospores germinate?

A

Germinate in response to specific enviroment

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19
Q

Define viruses:

A

-Microscopic, single celled
-Carry their own DNA or RNA but never both. DNA and RNA are surrounded by protein coat known as capsid

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20
Q

How are viruses classified?

A

1.Chemical Nature of their nucleic acid
2.Size
3.Symmetry

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21
Q

What are the dormant Viruses in nervous system?

A

1.Herpes simplex virus 1(HSV1)
2.Herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV2)

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22
Q

What are other common viruses?

A

1.Rhinovirus (Common cold)
2.Human Papillomavirus (Warts; Genital Warts, Cervical & Anal Cancer)
3.Epstein-Barr virus
4.SARS-CoV-2

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23
Q

What is a virion?

A

-(viral particle) attaches to host cell, inserts its own genetic information, and then redirects host cell to produce new viruses

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24
Q

What are dormant viruses?

A

-Some viruses travel within nervous system
-They appear at nerve endings, causing symptoms and then leave sight and travel up nerve again

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25
Q

Define fungi:

A

-Macroscopic or microscopic
-They are eukaryotes

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26
Q

How do you classify fungi?

A

-Classified according to sexual repro.
-Medically important fungi are dimorphic
1. Candida: (yeast) single celled
2. Mold

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27
Q

What the classifications of fungi diseases?

A

1.Superficial: Discoloration-Tinea nigra
2.Cutaneuous: Involves keritenized tissues-Tinea pedia aka Athlete’s foot
3.Subcutaneous: Enter host through open skin
4.Systemic: Enters circulatory system and can be fatal-Candidemia

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28
Q

Define parasitic protozoa:

A

-Unicellular organisms -Neither plant nor animal.
-Larger than bacteria

29
Q

How do classify parasitic protozoa:

A

Classified by their motility:

1.Ameboid: Slow cellular flowing locomotion
2.Flagellum: protein tail facilitates motility
3.Cilia: numerous short hair like projections/tails facilitate motility
4.Sporozoans: Non-motile, form spores

30
Q

What are diseases associated with parasitic protozoa?

A

Can form cysts:
1. Trichomonas vaginalis (Trichomoniasis)
2. Plasmodium vivax (Malaria)

31
Q

What are the 2 types of entry to the cell for diseases?

A
  1. Ingression: attachment of organism to cell surface and excretion of toxins. Ex: Pneumonia
  2. Penetration: Pathogens begin invading past the cell surface. Ex: Through cuts, vectors (fleas), flagella
32
Q

What is Dissemination

A

The degree of spreading

33
Q

What is the incubation period?

A

The time frame from when the host’s defenses are overcome until a substantial population has been achieved

34
Q

What are the steps of infectious diseases?

A
  1. Encounter
  2. Entry
  3. Spread
  4. Multiplication
  5. Damage
35
Q

What are the types of damage in a disease

A
  1. Direct: Cell death caused by the destruction of host cells or by release of toxins by the infectious agent
  2. Indirect: Caused by the alteration of the host’s metabolism
36
Q

What are the factors involved in the degree of spreading of infection?

A
  1. Host
  2. Infectious organism
  3. Mode of transportation
  4. Reservoir
37
Q

What are the 2 modes of transportation?

A
  1. Exogenous
  2. Endogenous
38
Q

Define Exogenous:

A

-Transmitted from outside the body)
-Transfer of pathogens touching fomite (object that has been contaminated) by person or vector

39
Q

Define Endogenous:

A

-Transmitted from inside the body
-Encounters with organisms already present in the body - normal flora.

40
Q

What is endogenous entry a result of ?

A

-Result of being treated by broad-spectrum antimicrobial drugs that destroy normal flora.
-When normal flora belonging to a specific area is transported to a different area

41
Q

What are the 3 classifications of Exogenous diseases?

A
  1. Droplet
  2. Airborne
  3. Contact
42
Q

What are the types of droplet diseases?

A

Common cold, Influenza, Pneumonia, Meningitis,
Whooping cough

43
Q

What are the types of airborne diseases?

A

TB, Measles, Varicella

44
Q

What is a reservoir?

A

Site where an infectious organism can remain alive, multiply and from which transmission can occur.

45
Q

What are health care associated infections?

A

-Infections that are acquired while receiving treatment in a health care setting for an unrelated condition.
-Compromised patients are more susceptible to HAI

46
Q

What are the 2 classifications of HAI

A
  1. Nosocomial:
    Hospital/health care facility acquired
    Transmitted to infant from mother at birth
  2. Iatrogenic:
    Acquired due to an intervention performed by a practitioner
47
Q

What are the sources of HAI?

A
  1. Medical personal
  2. Patients flora
  3. Contaminated Health care environments through fomites
  4. Invasive procedures
  5. Blood-Borne Pathogens
48
Q

What are some examples of blood borne pathogens?

A

Hepatitis B Virus (HBV), Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

49
Q

What are the impacts of Nosocomial infections

A
  1. Increases length of stay
  2. Increases antibiotic utilization
  3. Increases therapeutic intervention
  4. Increases monetary cost to the health care system and/or patient
50
Q

What are the 3 types of Antibiotic Resistant Organisms?

A
  1. MRSA/HA-MRSA
  2. VRSA
  3. C. Diff.
51
Q

When can you get MRSA and how is it transmitted?

A

-Likely to develop when antibiotics are used too often or incorrectly (prolonged hospital stay)
-Can occur in wounds, burns, IV sites.
-Transmitted by direct (hands) or indirect contact (fomite)

52
Q

Where does MRSA colonize?

A

Colonizes on skin and in nose

53
Q

Where does VRSA colonize?

A

Skin

54
Q

When does VRSA occur and how is it transmitted?

A

-Transmitted by direct (hands) or indirect contact
-Likely to develop when antibiotics are used too often or incorrectly

55
Q

What is C-diff caused by and what are the symptoms?

A

Effects those recently treated by antibiotics from touching contaiminated surface that disrupts normal bacteria of the GI tract.
Symptoms: Diarrhea to life threatening inflammation of the colon

56
Q

What are the 4 different types of hand hygiene?

A
  1. Regular Hand washing
  2. Antiseptic hand washing
  3. Alcohol-based hand rub
  4. Surgical hand hygiene/antisepsis
57
Q

How long should you do normal hand-washing?

A

40-60 seconds but health guide says 20

58
Q

How long should you do Antiseptic hand washing?

A

15 sec

59
Q

What are the 2 types of antiseptics?

A

Alcohol: antiseptic that is a disinfectant applied on skin
Betadine: iodine-based antiseptic that is used on skin

60
Q

When should you use Standard Precautions (Tier 1)?

A

To be always used when any healthcare worker is caring for a patient.

61
Q

When is Transmission Based Precautions (Tier 2) seen?

A

Designed to place a barrier to the spread of highly infectious diseases.

62
Q

What are examples of contact diseases?

A

C-Diff, MRSA, VRSA, VRE,

63
Q

What is the PPE for droplet precautions?

A

PPE: surgical mask, eye protection, gown & gloves

64
Q

What is the PPE for patient and worker for airborne precautions?

A

-N95 “fit tested” respirator to be worn by healthcare workers.
-Patient should wear surgical mask which filters expired air.
-Negative pressure isolation room required

65
Q

When is reverse isolation used and what is required to keep them safe?

A

-Patients at greater risk of acquiring infection
-Aseptic techniques and PPE required to prevent cross-infection

66
Q

What is the Sequence to removing PPE?

A

Gloves
Face Shield/Goggles
Gown
Cap
Mask

67
Q

What are the steps to removing a gown?

A
  1. Perform hand hygiene
  2. Unfasten ties
  3. Peel gown away from neck and shoulder
  4. Turn contaminated surface toward the inside
  5. Fold or roll into a bundle
  6. Discard
68
Q

How should you remove a respirator?

A
  1. Perform hand hygiene
  2. Lift the bottom elastic over your head, first.
  3. Then lift off the top elastic
  4. Discard
69
Q

What are the 5 times you should definitely preform hand hygiene?

A
  1. Before touching a patient
  2. Before a clean aseptic procedure
  3. After body fluid exposure risk
  4. After touching a patient
  5. After touching patient surroundings

1. Patient Management (6 decks)

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