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DSP II > Infectious Diseases > Flashcards

Infectious Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

throat culture

A
  • used for bacterial pharyngitis identification
  • can identify all bacteria (not just S. pyrogenes)
  • not ALWAYS indicated (Centor score 2-3)
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2
Q

nasopharyngeal swab uses

A
  • viral cultures and identification
  • pertussis
  • S. aureus carriers
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3
Q

wound cultures

A
  • may need to open surgical wounds to culture
  • superficial swabs (high amount of skin flora and contaminants)
  • deep swab or aspirates (better for identification)
  • pustules and vesicles (express before swab)
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4
Q

positive urine culture

A
  • everyone = colony count less greater than or equal to 10^5
  • women with pyuria can be positive with greater than or equal to 10^2
    • indicates presence of bacteria in bladder
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5
Q

men genitourinary swabs

A
  • urethral
    • 2-4 cm into urethral
    • rotated 2-3 times
  • rectal
    • 1cm into anus
    • rotate for 5-10 seconds
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6
Q

women genitourinary swabs

A
  • cervical
    • 1-2 cm into cervical canal
    • rotate for 30 seconds
  • vaginal
    • 1cm into vagina
    • rotate for 15 sec
  • rectal
    • 1cm into anus
    • rotate 5-10 sec
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7
Q

staphylococcus

A
  • gram positive coci in clusters
  • catalase (+)
  • part of normal skin flora
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8
Q

what are the two staphylococcus species

A

S aureus

S epidermidis

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9
Q

S aureus

A
  • coagulase (+)
  • B-hemolysis
    • MRSA has no hemolysis
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10
Q

S epidermidis

A
  • coagulase (-)
  • no hemolysis
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11
Q

streptococcus

A
  • gram positive cocci in chains
  • catalase (-)
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12
Q

2 main genus of streptococcus

A

streptococcus

enterococcus

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13
Q

streptococcus

A
  • S. pyogenes
  • S. pneumoniae
  • S. agalactiae
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14
Q

enterococcus

A

E. faecalis

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15
Q

S. pyogenes

A
  • group A
  • oxidase (-)
  • PYR (+)
  • B-hemolysis
  • pharyngitis, impetigo, erysipelas, necrotizing fasciitis
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16
Q

S. agalactiae

A
  • group B
  • oxidase (-)
  • hippurate (+)
  • less pronounced, B-hemolysis
  • part of female urogenital tract
  • neonatal infections
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17
Q

S. pneumoniae

A
  • group B
  • oxidase (-)
  • alpha-hemolysis
  • HEENT, pulmonary, neurologic, blood infections
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18
Q

group D streptococcus

A

no hemolysis

endocarditis, bacteremia

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19
Q

group D streptococcus species

A
  1. S. bovis
  2. S. viridans
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20
Q

E. faecalis

A
  • oval, diplococci
  • facultative anaerobes
  • no or weak alpha-hemolysis
  • normal GI tract flora
  • UTI, bacteremia, endocarditis, surgical site infection (SSI)
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21
Q

peptostreptococcus species

A
  • gram positive cocci
    • non-spore forming
  • anaerobic
  • can be found in GI/GU tract, mouth, skin
  • infections refractory to antibiotics
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22
Q

c. diptheriae

A
  • catalase (+)
  • facultative anaerobe
  • pleomorphic rods - form brown/black colones
  • normal skin flora
  • diptheria
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23
Q

l. monocytogenes

A
  • weak beta-hemolysis
  • coccobacillus
  • hippurate (+)
  • facultative anerobe
  • motile
  • found in soil, streams, foods
  • neonatal infections
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24
Q

bacillus species

A
  • large gram positive rods
  • may form spores
  • aerobic
  • B hemolysis
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25
Q

what are the bacillus species

A

b anthracis

b cereus

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26
Q

b anthracis

A

anthrax

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27
Q

b cereus

A

undercooked fried rice

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28
Q

clostridium

A
  • large gram positive rods
    • spore forming
  • anaerobes
  • B hemolysis
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29
Q

what are the main clostridium species

A
  1. C. perfringens
  2. C. difficile
  3. C. botulinum
  4. C. tetani
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30
Q

C. perfringens

A

part of clostridium species

  • gas gangrene
  • necrotizing fasciitis
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31
Q

C. difficile

A

part of clostridium species

  • antibiotic associated diarrhea
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32
Q

C. botulinum

A

part of clostridium species

  • Botulism
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33
Q

C. tetani

A

part of clostridium species

  • tetanus
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34
Q

gardnerella vaginalis

A
  • gram positive rods
  • hippurate (+)
  • bacterial vaginitis
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35
Q

lactobacillus species

A
  • gram positive rod
    • non spore forming
  • facultative anaerobic
  • normal vaginal flora
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36
Q

mycobacterium species

A
  • acid-fast bacillus
    • classified as gram positive due to lack of outer membrane
      • waxy, outer coating mycolic acid
  • aerobic
  • extremely slow growing - takes 6 weeks to culture
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37
Q

what are the mycobacterium species

A
  1. M. tuberculosis
  2. M. avium
  3. M. leprae
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38
Q

mycoplasmatacea family

A
  • very small cell size
  • no cell wall present - classified as gram +
  • highly fastidious
  • difficult to culture
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39
Q

what are the mycoplasmatacea species

A
  1. M. pneumoniae
  2. U. urealyticum
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40
Q

M. pneumoniae

A
  • atypical pneumonia
  • (+) agglutinins
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41
Q

U. urealyticum

A
  • UTI, STI
  • (+) urease
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42
Q

neisseria

A
  • Gram-negative diplococci
  • Facultative anaerobes
  • Oxidase (+)
  • Catalase (+)
  • Carbohydrate utilization differentiates
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43
Q

what are the neisseria species

A
  • N. gonorrhea
  • N. meningitidis
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44
Q

moraxella catarrhalis

A
  • gram negative coccobacillus
  • oxidase (+)
  • tributyrin (+)
  • infections of upper respiratory system
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45
Q

enterobacteriaceae

A
  • Catalase (+)
  • Oxidase (-)
  • Glucose fermenters
  • Reduce nitrate to nitrites
  • Facultative anaerobes
  • Motile
  • VERY large family of pathogenic bacteria
46
Q

E coli

A
  • β-hemolytic
  • Indole (+)
  • Normal GI flora
  • Most common isolate in UTI
47
Q

E coli lethal strains

A
  1. Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC)
    1. Traveler’s diarrhea
  2. Enterpathogenic E. coli (EPEC
  3. Enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC)
    1. Dysentery
  4. Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC)
  5. Enteroaggregative E. col (EAEC)
48
Q

shigella

A
  • non motile
  • non spore forming
  • diarrhea
49
Q

shigella serogroups

A
  1. S. dysenteriae
  2. S. flexneri
  3. S. boydii
  4. S. sonnei
50
Q

salmonella enterica

A
  • motile
  • non-spore forming
  • diarrhea
51
Q

salmonella enterica serotypes

A
  1. S. typhi
  2. S. typhimurium
  3. S. paratyphi
52
Q

S. typhi

A

typhoid fever

53
Q

S. typhimurum

A

salmonellosis

54
Q

citrobacter freundii

A
  • motile
  • non spore forming
  • found in soil and GI tract
  • nosocomial infections
55
Q

Klebsiella pneumoniae

A
  • non motile
  • non spore forming
  • urease (+)
  • nosocomial infection
    • pneumonia
    • 2nd most common UTI isolate
56
Q

enterobacter cloacae

A
  • motile
  • non spore forming
  • urease (+)
  • nosocomial infections
    • UTI, respiratory tract
57
Q

serratia marcescens

A
  • motile
  • non spore forming
  • nosocomial infections - UTI, respiratory
58
Q

proteus

A
  • motile
  • non spore forming
  • nosocomial infections - UTI, respiratory
59
Q

proteus species

A
  • P. mirabilis
  • P. vulgaris
60
Q

Yersinia

A
  • motile at 25C/non-motile at 36C
  • non spore forming
61
Q

what are the Yersinia species

A
  • Y. enterocolitica
  • Y. pestis
62
Q

Y. enterocolitica

63
Q

Y. pestis

64
Q

haemophilus influenza

A
  • Non-motile
  • Non-spore forming
  • Facultative anaerobe
  • 6 encapsulated serotypes - a, b, c, d, e, f
  • Opportunistic - URI, meningitis
  • ***Vaccine***
65
Q

paturella multocida

A

dog and cat

66
Q

eikenella corrodens

A

human bites

67
Q

pseudomonas aeruginosa

A
  • aerobic
  • motile
  • oxidase (+)
  • catalase (+)
  • “grape scent”
  • common infections in: post burn injuries, otitis externa, skin, nosocomial infections
68
Q

bordetella pertussis

A
  • aerobic
  • non motile
  • non spore forming
  • catalase (+)
  • oxidase (+)
  • causes pertussis
  • vaccine
69
Q

legionella pneumophila

A
  • aerobic, intracellular parasite of amoebae
  • non motile
  • catalase (+)
  • oxidase (-)
  • associated with water - environmental water sources, air conditioning towers
  • causes pneumonia
70
Q

vibrio cholerae

A
  • aerobic
  • motile
  • non spore forming
  • toxin producer
  • fecal contaminated waters and brackish rivers - raw shellfish
  • diarrhea - “rice water stools”
71
Q

chlamydia species

A
  • gram negative, intracellular coccobacillus - difficult to stain
  • most common bacterial STI
  • atypical pneumonia
72
Q

stenotrophomonas maltophila

A

nosocomial infections

73
Q

acinetobacter baumanii

A

nosocomial infections

74
Q

aeromonoas hydrophila

A
  • found in various water sources
  • diarrhea
  • necrotizing fasciitis
75
Q

microaerophillic gram neg rods

A

needs oxygen, but a lower concentration than atmosphere and higher concentration of CO2

76
Q

campylobacter jejuni

A
  • poultry
  • GI infections
  • associated with guillain barre syndrome
77
Q

helicobacter pylori

78
Q

bacteriodes fragilis

A
  • normal GI flora
    • intra ab infectoions
79
Q

fusobacterium sp

A
  • normal oropharynx infection
    • lemierre’s syndrome
80
Q

brucella sp

A
  • Brucellosis
  • Gram-negative cocci
  • Cattle, buffalo
    • Unpasteurized milk
    • Undercooked meat
81
Q

francisella sp

A
  • Tularemia
  • Gram-negative coccobacilli
    • Intracellular parasite
  • Rabbits, rodents
82
Q

HACEK

A
  1. Haemophilus sp.
  2. Aggregatibacter sp.
  3. Cardiobacterium sp.
  4. Eikenella sp.
  5. Kingella sp.
  • Oropharynx flora
  • Significant cause of endocarditis
83
Q

SPACE

A
  1. Serratia sp.
  2. Pseudomonas sp.
  3. Acinetobacter sp.
  4. Citrobacter sp.
  5. Enterobacter sp.
  • Nosocomial gram-negative pathogens with high resistance rates
84
Q

hepadenaviridae

85
Q

herpesviridae

A
  • CMV
  • HSV
  • Varicella
86
Q

papillomaviridae

87
Q

parvoviridae

88
Q

poxviridae

89
Q

enteroviridae

A

polio

coxsackie

rhinovirus

90
Q

orthomyxoviridae

A

RNA

  • influenza
91
Q

paramyxoviridae

A

RNA

  • parainfluenza
  • measles
  • mumps
92
Q

pneumoviridae

93
Q

matonaviridae

A

RNA

  • rubella
94
Q

coronaviridae

A

RNA

  • SARS-CoV-2
95
Q

rhaboviridae

A

RNA

  • rabies
96
Q

reoviridae

A

RNA

  • rotavirus
97
Q

retroviridae

98
Q

retroviridae

99
Q

dermatophytes

A
  1. trichophyton
  2. epidermophyton
  3. microsporum
100
Q

zygomycota

A
  1. mucor
  2. rhizopus
101
Q

dimorphic fungi

A

endemic mycoses

Blastomycoses dermatidis,

Histoplasma capsulatum,

Coccidoides immitis

102
Q

yeast

A

candida sp

cryptococcus sp

103
Q

protazoan parasites

A

Eukaryotic
Single-celled
No cell wall
Motile

104
Q

ameba

A
  • motility - pseudopods
  • entamoeba histolytica
  • acanthamoeba
  • naegleria fowleri
105
Q

flagellates

A
  • motility - flagella
  • giardia lamblia
  • trichomonas vaginalis
  • typanosoma sp
106
Q

apicomplexa

A
  • intracellular organism
  • plasmodium sp
  • toxoplasma sp
  • pneumocystis sp
  • cryptosporidium sp
107
Q

helminths

A
  • Found in blood, feces, and urine
  • Identification Tests
    • Stool evaluation
      • Eggs and larvae
    • Skin tape test
      • Looking for eggs around anus
108
Q

nematodes

A
  • Ascaris lumbricoides (round worms)
  • Enterobius vermicularis (pin worms)
  • Necator americanus (hook worm)
109
Q

cestodes

A

Taenia saginata (tape worm)

110
Q

trematodes

A

Schistosoma mansoni (fluke worm)

111
Q

spirochetes

A

double membrane bacteria

helically coiled shape

112
Q

spirochetes types

A
  • treponemia pallidum
  • borrelia burgdorferi
  • leptospira sp

DSP II (1 decks)

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