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DSP II > Infectious Diseases > Flashcards

Infectious Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

throat culture

A
  • used for bacterial pharyngitis identification
  • can identify all bacteria (not just S. pyrogenes)
  • not ALWAYS indicated (Centor score 2-3)
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2
Q

nasopharyngeal swab uses

A
  • viral cultures and identification
  • pertussis
  • S. aureus carriers
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3
Q

wound cultures

A
  • may need to open surgical wounds to culture
  • superficial swabs (high amount of skin flora and contaminants)
  • deep swab or aspirates (better for identification)
  • pustules and vesicles (express before swab)
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4
Q

positive urine culture

A
  • everyone = colony count less greater than or equal to 10^5
  • women with pyuria can be positive with greater than or equal to 10^2
    • indicates presence of bacteria in bladder
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5
Q

men genitourinary swabs

A
  • urethral
    • 2-4 cm into urethral
    • rotated 2-3 times
  • rectal
    • 1cm into anus
    • rotate for 5-10 seconds
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6
Q

women genitourinary swabs

A
  • cervical
    • 1-2 cm into cervical canal
    • rotate for 30 seconds
  • vaginal
    • 1cm into vagina
    • rotate for 15 sec
  • rectal
    • 1cm into anus
    • rotate 5-10 sec
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7
Q

staphylococcus

A
  • gram positive coci in clusters
  • catalase (+)
  • part of normal skin flora
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8
Q

what are the two staphylococcus species

A

S aureus

S epidermidis

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9
Q

S aureus

A
  • coagulase (+)
  • B-hemolysis
    • MRSA has no hemolysis
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10
Q

S epidermidis

A
  • coagulase (-)
  • no hemolysis
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11
Q

streptococcus

A
  • gram positive cocci in chains
  • catalase (-)
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12
Q

2 main genus of streptococcus

A

streptococcus

enterococcus

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13
Q

streptococcus

A
  • S. pyogenes
  • S. pneumoniae
  • S. agalactiae
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14
Q

enterococcus

A

E. faecalis

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15
Q

S. pyogenes

A
  • group A
  • oxidase (-)
  • PYR (+)
  • B-hemolysis
  • pharyngitis, impetigo, erysipelas, necrotizing fasciitis
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16
Q

S. agalactiae

A
  • group B
  • oxidase (-)
  • hippurate (+)
  • less pronounced, B-hemolysis
  • part of female urogenital tract
  • neonatal infections
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17
Q

S. pneumoniae

A
  • group B
  • oxidase (-)
  • alpha-hemolysis
  • HEENT, pulmonary, neurologic, blood infections
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18
Q

group D streptococcus

A

no hemolysis

endocarditis, bacteremia

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19
Q

group D streptococcus species

A
  1. S. bovis
  2. S. viridans
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20
Q

E. faecalis

A
  • oval, diplococci
  • facultative anaerobes
  • no or weak alpha-hemolysis
  • normal GI tract flora
  • UTI, bacteremia, endocarditis, surgical site infection (SSI)
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21
Q

peptostreptococcus species

A
  • gram positive cocci
    • non-spore forming
  • anaerobic
  • can be found in GI/GU tract, mouth, skin
  • infections refractory to antibiotics
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22
Q

c. diptheriae

A
  • catalase (+)
  • facultative anaerobe
  • pleomorphic rods - form brown/black colones
  • normal skin flora
  • diptheria
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23
Q

l. monocytogenes

A
  • weak beta-hemolysis
  • coccobacillus
  • hippurate (+)
  • facultative anerobe
  • motile
  • found in soil, streams, foods
  • neonatal infections
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24
Q

bacillus species

A
  • large gram positive rods
  • may form spores
  • aerobic
  • B hemolysis
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25
what are the bacillus species
b anthracis b cereus
26
b anthracis
anthrax
27
b cereus
undercooked fried rice
28
clostridium
* large gram positive rods * spore forming * anaerobes * B hemolysis
29
what are the main clostridium species
1. C. perfringens 2. C. difficile 3. C. botulinum 4. C. tetani
30
C. perfringens
part of clostridium species * gas gangrene * necrotizing fasciitis
31
C. difficile
part of clostridium species * antibiotic associated diarrhea
32
C. botulinum
part of clostridium species * Botulism
33
C. tetani
part of clostridium species * tetanus
34
gardnerella vaginalis
* gram positive rods * hippurate (+) * bacterial vaginitis
35
lactobacillus species
* gram positive rod * non spore forming * facultative anaerobic * normal vaginal flora
36
mycobacterium species
* acid-fast bacillus * classified as gram positive due to lack of outer membrane * waxy, outer coating mycolic acid * aerobic * extremely slow growing - takes 6 weeks to culture
37
what are the mycobacterium species
1. M. tuberculosis 2. M. avium 3. M. leprae
38
mycoplasmatacea family
* very small cell size * no cell wall present - classified as gram + * highly fastidious * difficult to culture
39
what are the mycoplasmatacea species
1. M. pneumoniae 2. U. urealyticum
40
M. pneumoniae
* atypical pneumonia * (+) agglutinins
41
U. urealyticum
* UTI, STI * (+) urease
42
neisseria
* Gram-negative diplococci * Facultative anaerobes * Oxidase (+) * Catalase (+) * Carbohydrate utilization differentiates
43
what are the neisseria species
* N. gonorrhea * N. meningitidis
44
moraxella catarrhalis
* gram negative coccobacillus * oxidase (+) * tributyrin (+) * infections of upper respiratory system
45
enterobacteriaceae
* Catalase (+) * Oxidase (-) * Glucose fermenters * Reduce nitrate to nitrites * Facultative anaerobes * Motile * VERY large family of pathogenic bacteria
46
E coli
* β-hemolytic * Indole (+) * Normal GI flora * Most common isolate in UTI
47
E coli lethal strains
1. Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) 1. Traveler’s diarrhea 2. Enterpathogenic E. coli (EPEC 3. Enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC) 1. Dysentery 4. Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) 5. Enteroaggregative E. col (EAEC)
48
shigella
* non motile * non spore forming * diarrhea
49
shigella serogroups
1. S. dysenteriae 2. S. flexneri 3. S. boydii 4. S. sonnei
50
salmonella enterica
* motile * non-spore forming * diarrhea
51
salmonella enterica serotypes
1. S. typhi 2. S. typhimurium 3. S. paratyphi
52
S. typhi
typhoid fever
53
S. typhimurum
salmonellosis
54
citrobacter freundii
* motile * non spore forming * found in soil and GI tract * nosocomial infections
55
Klebsiella pneumoniae
* non motile * non spore forming * urease (+) * nosocomial infection * pneumonia * 2nd most common UTI isolate
56
enterobacter cloacae
* motile * non spore forming * urease (+) * nosocomial infections * UTI, respiratory tract
57
serratia marcescens
* motile * non spore forming * nosocomial infections - UTI, respiratory
58
proteus
* motile * non spore forming * nosocomial infections - UTI, respiratory
59
proteus species
* P. mirabilis * P. vulgaris
60
Yersinia
* motile at 25C/non-motile at 36C * non spore forming
61
what are the Yersinia species
* Y. enterocolitica * Y. pestis
62
Y. enterocolitica
diarrhea
63
Y. pestis
plague
64
haemophilus influenza
* Non-motile * Non-spore forming * Facultative anaerobe * 6 encapsulated serotypes - a, b, c, d, e, f * Opportunistic - URI, meningitis * \*\*\*Vaccine\*\*\*
65
paturella multocida
dog and cat
66
eikenella corrodens
human bites
67
pseudomonas aeruginosa
* aerobic * motile * oxidase (+) * catalase (+) * “grape scent” * common infections in: post burn injuries, otitis externa, skin, nosocomial infections
68
bordetella pertussis
* aerobic * non motile * non spore forming * catalase (+) * oxidase (+) * causes pertussis * *vaccine*
69
legionella pneumophila
* aerobic, intracellular parasite of amoebae * non motile * catalase (+) * oxidase (-) * associated with water - environmental water sources, air conditioning towers * causes pneumonia
70
vibrio cholerae
* aerobic * motile * non spore forming * toxin producer * fecal contaminated waters and brackish rivers - raw shellfish * diarrhea - “rice water stools”
71
chlamydia species
* gram negative, intracellular coccobacillus - difficult to stain * most common bacterial STI * atypical pneumonia
72
stenotrophomonas maltophila
nosocomial infections
73
acinetobacter baumanii
nosocomial infections
74
aeromonoas hydrophila
* found in various water sources * diarrhea * necrotizing fasciitis
75
microaerophillic gram neg rods
needs oxygen, but a lower concentration than atmosphere and higher concentration of CO2
76
campylobacter jejuni
* poultry * GI infections * associated with guillain barre syndrome
77
helicobacter pylori
PUD
78
bacteriodes fragilis
* normal GI flora * intra ab infectoions
79
fusobacterium sp
* normal oropharynx infection * lemierre's syndrome
80
brucella sp
* Brucellosis * Gram-negative cocci * Cattle, buffalo * Unpasteurized milk * Undercooked meat
81
francisella sp
* Tularemia * Gram-negative coccobacilli * Intracellular parasite * Rabbits, rodents
82
HACEK
1. Haemophilus sp. 2. Aggregatibacter sp. 3. Cardiobacterium sp. 4. Eikenella sp. 5. Kingella sp. * Oropharynx flora * Significant cause of endocarditis
83
SPACE
1. Serratia sp. 2. Pseudomonas sp. 3. Acinetobacter sp. 4. Citrobacter sp. 5. Enterobacter sp. * Nosocomial gram-negative pathogens with high resistance rates
84
hepadenaviridae
hep B
85
herpesviridae
* CMV * HSV * Varicella
86
papillomaviridae
HPB
87
parvoviridae
B19
88
poxviridae
small pox
89
enteroviridae
polio coxsackie rhinovirus
90
orthomyxoviridae
RNA * influenza
91
paramyxoviridae
RNA * parainfluenza * measles * mumps
92
pneumoviridae
RNA * RSV
93
matonaviridae
RNA * rubella
94
coronaviridae
RNA * SARS-CoV-2
95
rhaboviridae
RNA * rabies
96
reoviridae
RNA * rotavirus
97
retroviridae
98
retroviridae
RNA * HIV
99
dermatophytes
1. trichophyton 2. epidermophyton 3. microsporum
100
zygomycota
1. mucor 2. rhizopus
101
dimorphic fungi
endemic mycoses ## Footnote Blastomycoses dermatidis, Histoplasma capsulatum, Coccidoides immitis
102
yeast
candida sp cryptococcus sp
103
protazoan parasites
Eukaryotic Single-celled No cell wall Motile
104
ameba
* motility - pseudopods * entamoeba histolytica * acanthamoeba * naegleria fowleri
105
flagellates
* motility - flagella * giardia lamblia * trichomonas vaginalis * typanosoma sp
106
apicomplexa
* intracellular organism * plasmodium sp * toxoplasma sp * pneumocystis sp * cryptosporidium sp
107
helminths
* Found in blood, feces, and urine * Identification Tests * Stool evaluation * Eggs and larvae * Skin tape test * Looking for eggs around anus
108
nematodes
* Ascaris lumbricoides (round worms) * Enterobius vermicularis (pin worms) * Necator americanus (hook worm)
109
cestodes
Taenia saginata (tape worm)
110
trematodes
Schistosoma mansoni (fluke worm)
111
spirochetes
double membrane bacteria helically coiled shape
112
spirochetes types
* treponemia pallidum * borrelia burgdorferi * leptospira sp

DSP II (1 decks)

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