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152 > Infectious Disease Intro PT1 > Flashcards

Infectious Disease Intro PT1 Flashcards

1
Q

Characteristics of the immune system

A
  • Protects body from pathogens
    • Can be specific
    • Has memory
    • Mobile and fast acting
      Is flexible
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2
Q

What is the initial defence of the immune system

A

a) Non specific defences
- Physical barriers
- Chemical barriers (stomach acid)
- mucus and cilia protect our respiratory tract
- Urine flushes out bacteria from urinary tract
- Enzymes are in tears and saliva
- Other bacteria is present on our skin/ in our digestive tract

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3
Q

What happens if the initial defences of the body fail or weaken

A

Infection becomes more likely

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4
Q

What are non specific defences part of

A

Innate immune system

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5
Q

What cells are within the innate immune system

A
  • Macrophages and monocytes: antigen presenting cells and surveillance
    • Neutrophils: defence against bacteria and fungus
    • Eosinophils: defence against parasites and respond to allergies
    • Basophils: respond to allergens
    • Mast cells: inflammatory mediators
    • Complements: can lyse pathogens, coat pathogens and can call for backup
    • Chemokines: act as traffic controllers for WBCs
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6
Q

What does the adaptive immune system involve

A
  • T and B lymphocytes
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7
Q

Macrophages and monocytes

A

antigen presenting cells and surveillance

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8
Q

Neutrophils

A

defence against bacteria and fungus

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9
Q

Eosinophils

A

defence against parasites and respond to allergies

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10
Q

Basophils

A

respond to allergens

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11
Q

Mast cells

A

inflammatory mediators

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12
Q

Complements

A

can lyse pathogens, coat pathogens and can call for backup

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13
Q

Chemokines

A

act as traffic controllers for WBCs

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14
Q

Chemokines

A

act as traffic controllers for WBCs

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15
Q

What are the two parts of the adaptive immune system

A
  • Humoral mediated: within the serum
    • Cellular mediated: within the cells
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16
Q

How much antigens can lymphocytes remember

A

10 to the power of 15

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17
Q

Characteristics of T lymphocytes

A
  • Activated by antigen presenting cell
    • The activated T cells secrete IL-2 which stimulates the production of more activated T cells
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18
Q

What can are the different activated T cells

A
  • Helper cells (CD4+): secrete Ils and interferon, stimulates CD8+ cells and stimulates production of antibodies
    • Cytotoxic cells (CD8+): kill cells recognized as foreign
    • Regulating cell: regulates the T cell response
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19
Q

Characteristics of B lymphocytes

A
  • Are activated after they recognize antigens (through T- lymphocytes usually)
    • The antibodies of the B lymphocytes bind to antigens and either trap the antigens or clump them together/ increase the attack of immune cells
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20
Q

What can activated B cells become

A
  • Plasma cells: secrete antibodies
    • Memory cells: important in future attacks (remember antigens)
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21
Q

What are cytokines

A
  • IL,TNF, IFN..
    • Soluble factors secreted by cells
    • Can activate cells, call for backup…
22
Q

What are inflammatory mediators

A
  • Soluble factors that causes inflammation
    • Can be secreted by many cells
    • Ex. Histamine, PGs…
23
Q

What is an infection

A
  • Get a response of a hosts immune systems and person gets ill
24
Q

What is a sub clinical infection

A
  • Specific response in the body occurs but person is not ill
25
Q

What is colonization

A
  • Presence of an organism at a body site without production of disease
    • Do not treat
26
Q

What is pneumonia an example of

A
  • Infection
27
Q

What is influenza, EBV, SARS-CoV-2 and example of

A
  • Sub clinical infection
28
Q

What is skin wounds colonized with staph and example of

A

Colonization

29
Q

What is another name for EBV (Epstein Barr virus)

A

Mono

30
Q

What causes invasion of microorganisms

A
  • Breach of host defenses
31
Q

What are toxins

A
  • Some bacteria produce toxins which can damage cells
    • Can even damage at distant sites
    • Examples are botulism or tetanus
32
Q

For tetanus what would you give first to treat

A
  • An anti toxin before and antibiotic
33
Q

What is the normal microbiota in the skin

A
  • Diphtheroid (ex. Corynebacterium)
    • Propionibacterium
    • Staphylococci (mostly coagulase negative strains)
    • Streptococci
34
Q

What is the normal microbiota in the gastrointestinal tract

A
  • Bacteroides sp
    • Clostridium sp
    • Diphtheroid
    • Enterobacteriaceae (ex. E. coli, klebsiella sp)
    • Fusobacterium sp
    • Streptococci (anaerobic)
35
Q

What is the normal microbiota in the genital tract

A
  • Corynebacterium sp
    • Enterobacteriaceae sp
    • Lactobacillus sp
    • Mycoplasma sp
    • Staphylococci
      Streptococci
36
Q

what does the host defense involve

A
  • Both innate/ adaptive parts of the immune system
    Both prevents and cures infection
37
Q

Do antibiotics cure infection

A

Not always

38
Q

What other things other then antibiotics may an infection need in order to be cured

A
  • Drainage of abscess
    • Removal of dead tissue (doesn’t have a blood supply so antibiotics cant get to the target
    • Removal of foreign bodies or prosthetic devices (don’t have blood supply and produce a biofilm)
    • Decrease in immune suppression (Immunosuppression is used during organ transplant in order for the body to not reject the transplant)
39
Q

What are factors that affect host defenses

A
  • Malnutrition (WBCs don’t function properly)
    • Age
    • Immune globulin deficiencies
    • Deficiencies in cellular immunity
    • Alcoholism
    • Diabetes
    • Immunosuppressive therapy (ex. Anti cancer/ corticosteroids)
    • Invasive procedures (break normal barriers)
40
Q

What are non specific symptoms of infection

A
  • Malaise (discomfort)
    • Listlessness
    • Loss of appetite
    • Headache
    • Myalgias (muscle aches
    • Arthralgias (joint aches)
    • Fever
    • White blood cell counts
    • Anemia
    • Increased ESR and CRP
    • Increased procalcitonin (PCT)
    • Increased heart rate
    • Anxiety
    • Confusion
    • Septic shock
41
Q

Characteristics of fever within infection

A
  • It is due to infection unless proven otherwise
    • Temp cycles throughout the day (highest in late afternoon and lowest 12 hours later
42
Q

In this class a fever is anything greater then what

A
  • 37.2C at 6am
    • 37.7C at 4 pl
    • 38.2C rectally
    • 37.2C armpit
43
Q

What does an uncontrolled fever mean

A
  • If temp continues to go up
44
Q

What is normal/infectious WBC count

A
  • Normal: 5-10 x 10power9 /L
    • Infection is anything over this (when there is an infection WBC count increases )
45
Q

When else can WBC counts change

A
  • Can be higher in patients with leukemia and RA in patients taking lithium/ corticosteroids
    • Increase may be mild in less severe infection or in elderly
46
Q

What are the percentages of WBC subpopulations and when do they rise

A

a) Total neutrophils: 50-70%
- Segmented neutrophils (mature): 50-70%
- Bands (immature neutrophils): 50-70%/ if high then most likely an infection as the body is working more

- Lymphocytes: 20-40%/ HIV uncontrolled lowers lymphocytes
- Monocytes: 0-7%
- Eosinophils: 0-5%/ rise when parasitic infections or allergies present 
- Basophils: 0-1%
47
Q

What are the different types of neutrophils

A
  • Broken into shape of nucleus
    a) Segmented
    • A mature
    • Nucleus is segmented
      b) Band
    • Immature
    • Nucleus is smooth and parallel
48
Q

When is anemia present

A
  • May be present mainly with chronic infection
49
Q

what do erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP) mean

A
  • Markers of inflammation
    • May be used as a monitoring tool for infections such as endocarditis/ osteomyelitis
50
Q

Explain septic shock (characteristics and presentation)

A
  • A malfunction in many body systems
    • Decreased BP and CO
    • Decrease in renal function
    • Hepatic dysfunction (increased bilirubin)
    • Decreased oxygenation
    • Dissemination intravascular coagulation (DIC)
51
Q

Can antibiotics treat septic shock

A
  • No they cant
    • This is why the faster an infection is treated the better

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