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PEDS Unit 3 > Infectious Disease and Immunizations > Flashcards

Infectious Disease and Immunizations Flashcards

1
Q

What is Measles and how is it spread?

A
  • AKA Rubeola
  • Caused by Morbillivirus
  • It is airborne
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2
Q

What are the s/s of Measles?

A
  • cough,
  • fever
  • VERY runny nose
  • red eyes,
  • rash hairline to feet,
  • Koplik spots
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3
Q

What are the complications (conditions) that can arise from Measles?

A
  • Pneumonia (1:20 infected aquire it)
  • Encephalitis
  • Death
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4
Q

What is parotitis?

A

Swollen salivary glands

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5
Q

What is Mumps and how is it spread?

A
  • Epidemic parotitis caused by Mumps virus
  • It is droplet
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6
Q

What are the s/s of Mumps?

A
  • Fever
  • Headache
  • swollen cheeks/jaw
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7
Q

What are the complications that can arise from a Mumps infection?

A
  • Meningitis (occurs in 1:10)
  • Encephalitis (causes deafness)
  • Testicular swelling (can cause permanent damage)
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8
Q

What is diphtheria and how is it transmitted?

A
  • an acute, highly contagious bacterial disease causing inflammation of the mucous membranes, formation of a false membrane in the throat that hinders breathing and swallowing, and potentially fatal heart and nerve damage by a bacterial toxin in the blood
  • contact, droplet transmission
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9
Q

S/S of Diphtheria

A
  • can be asymptomatic
  • sore throat,
  • fever,
  • difficulty swallowing
  • DEAD TISSUE ON TONSILS
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10
Q

What complications can arise from Diphtheria?

A
  • suffocation,
  • paralysis,
  • death,
  • endocarditis,
  • neuropathy
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11
Q

What is Tetanus?

A
  • A reaction to clostridium tetani which produces a toxin and releases it into the body
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12
Q

How is Tetanus acquired?

A
  • It enters the body through a skin puncture of an inanimate object (ex. rusty nail)
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13
Q

What does Tetanus do?

A
  • It causes progressively worse contractures so tense they can break bones and cause respiratory failure and death
  • 2:10 that acquire it will die
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14
Q

What is Pertussis?

A
  • also known as whooping cough, is a highly contagious respiratory disease caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis.
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15
Q

S/S of Pertussis?

A
  • Uncontrollable, violent coughing which often makes it hard to breathe
  • Sensation is like post nasal drip
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16
Q

How is Pertussis transmitted?

A
  • Contact, Droplet
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17
Q

What is the pathophysiology of a Pertussis infection from transmission to cough symptoms?

A

Droplet, direct contact

Bacteria

↓

Invade cilia

↓

Paralyze cilia + Inflammatory response

↓

Inability to Clear Secretions

The signature “whooping cough is born”

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18
Q

Do you have to intubate for Pertussis

A

You may, if oxygenation is poor until inflammation passes

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19
Q

How does Pertussis progress?

A
  • Cold type symptoms progress to
  • “whooping” cough then goes to
  • Gradual resolution
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20
Q

What are two potential complications of Pertussis?

A
  • Bacterial pneumonia
  • Neurological d/t hypoxia
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21
Q

For dx of Pertussis, what indicates a positive result regarding WBCs?

A

WBC w/ lympocytosis > 20,000

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22
Q

Treatment for Pertussis?

A
  • ABX (Erythromycin)
  • Supportive
  • Tx household contacts (family)
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23
Q

True or False

Infants can’t get pertussis vaccine until they are 12 months old.

A

False

They can’t get it until they are SIX months old.

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24
Q

What is the method of transmission for Polio?

A

Fecal-Oral

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25
Q

What is Polio?

A

A disabling and life-threatening disease caused by the poliovirus. The virus spreads from person to person and can infect a person’s spinal cord, causing paralysis.

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26
Q

S/S of Polio?

A
  • fever,
  • HA,
  • muscle spasm,
  • paralysis
27
Q

Complications of Polio?

A
  • Respiratory
    • can lead to death if paralysis affects the ability to breathe
  • long-term paralysis
28
Q

Describe expression of paralysis in Polio.

A
  • Can affect anything from just the limbs to full body
29
Q

True or False

A child may recover from polio, but have long term effects present, like a limp, etc.

A

True

30
Q

Treatment for Polio…

A

Preventative via Vaccine

31
Q

What is chickenpox?

Method of transmission?

S/S?

Tx?

A
  • a highly contagious disease caused by the initial infection with varicella zoster virus (VZV).
  • Transmission
    • Contact, Droplet, Airborne
  • S/S
    • The disease results in a characteristic skin rash that forms small, itchy blisters, which eventually scab over
    • Fever, sore throat
  • Tx = Varicella zostter Vaccine
32
Q

Meningitis can progress into…

A

Meningococcemia

33
Q

What is Meningococcemia?

A
  • a severe form of blood poisoning that affects the entire body and can lead to sepsis
  • 40% death rate for those who acquire
34
Q

What precautions are put in place for a pt w/ meningococemia?

A

droplet

35
Q

How is Meningococemia treated and is it preventable?

A
  • Once dx’d, abx STAT
  • It can be prevented with a meningococcal vaccine, rec’d in adolescence
36
Q

What can be done w/ a pt that has sepsis?

A
  • Treat the underlying cause stat
  • Supportive care until that is done
37
Q

What are all the key points of Fifth Disease?

A
  • mild rash illness caused by parvovirus
  • s/s: flu-like followed by “slapped face” rash and circumoral pallor; swollen or painful joints
  • Common, short term, not horrible
  • Just REALLY worried about it w/ pregnant mom as it can cause fetal death
38
Q

What is Mono?

How is it transmitted?

S/S?

Tx?

A
  • Basically a cold on steroids that could last a couple of months - common to adolescents
  • Transmitted by saliva.
  • Symptoms include EXTREME fatigue, fever, rash, and swollen glands.
  • Treatment involves rest, fluids, and over-the-counter pain and fever-reducing medicines to ease symptoms.
39
Q

How does Mono affect the spleen and what is the pt education regarding it?

A
  • Can have enlarged spleen for two months afterward
  • No sports as you can get injured in abdomen and rupture spleen
40
Q

What is Rotavirus?

A
  • Rotavirus is a virus that causes diarrhea and other intestinal symptoms.
  • Most common cause of diarrhea in children <5yrs
  • By 5 years of age nearly 100% children have had it.
41
Q

S/S of Rotavirus?

A
  • 3-8 days of fever, vomiting, diarrhea
42
Q

What are the key points regarding hydration and Rotavirus?

A
  • Continuous spouting of watery diarrhea
  • Massive dehydration - cause of death
  • Proper hydration will enable this to be self limiting
43
Q

True or False

Rotavirus does not have a vaccine and there is no partial immunity after infection.

A

False

There is a vaccine and there is partial immunity after infection

44
Q

Key points for Tuberculosis?

A
  • Airborne
  • Dx in Peds is difficult
    • Kids don’t cough up sputum like adults do
  • TB skin test is key indicator
45
Q

What kiddos are at risk for TB?

A
  • Exposure to adult with active TB
  • HIV increases risk
  • Born in country with high incidence
  • Crowded communities; trapped indoors (winter)
46
Q

Key points for Covid in kids?

A
  • Occurs about 4 weeks after COVID-19 exposure, an immune response to the virus
    • Overactive immune response
  • Also called Pediatric Inflammatory Multisystem Syndrome (PIMS)
  • Treatable with anti-inflammatories to bring down the swelling and reduce negative fx, O2 supplementation, etc
47
Q

Key points for the effect of Covid on kids?

A
  • Keep in mind how C19 may have effected each child
  • Kids may be hindered development wise
  • Teens are trying to become more independent from parents - instead they were stuck w/ them, etc
48
Q

Due to the lockdown, what aspects do we need to evaluate for kids?

A

How it has affected them

  • Socially
  • Educationally
  • Emotionally
  • Nutritionally
  • Physically
49
Q

What is our general management of infectious/communicable diseases?

A
  • Specific treatment
  • Prevent spread
  • Prevent complications
  • Manage fever
50
Q

What is a simple reason people should get vaccinated?

A

Comparing that vaccine risk to disease risks clearly shows the risks of getting/not getting vax’d

51
Q

What are some contraindications to immunizations?

A
  • Severe febrile illness
  • Recent administration of immune globulin (IVIG)
  • Altered immunity
  • Severe pertussis reaction
  • Hypersensitivity to the immunization or preservative
52
Q

Key points for giving immunizations?

A
  • Vax req’s CONSENT
  • Safe to give several at same visit
  • 2 injections/different site but same limb OK
  • Minor illness/low grade Temp OK
  • Recent exposure infectious disease OK
    • But w/out s/s
  • Hx local reaction or family member reaction OK
    • If 1 kid had a reaction, its still ok for a different kid in the family
53
Q

What are autoimmune diseases?

A

Diseases that cause the body’s immune system to attack itself

54
Q

What is the general tx for autoimmune disorders?

A
  • Identify and avoid triggers
  • Suppress the immune systems
55
Q

What are the two autoimmune disorders in children we need to know?

A
  1. Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA)
  2. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
56
Q

Key points for JIA?

A
  • A swelling of the synovial membranes of joints. Can be 1 or multiple
  • Exercise can make it worse
  • Most common pediatric connective tissue disease
  • Twice as many girls as boys are affected
  • We don’t know cause (idiopathic)
  • Wake up very achy, s/s worse in morning
  • Can outgrow this by 16yrs
  • Tx is tor reduce the immune reaction
57
Q

JIA dx key points?

A
  • Onset < 16 years old (peak onset is 1-3 years of age)
  • Lasts more than 6 weeks
  • No other causes of the inflammation
  • Arthritis in <4 joints in 50% of cases
58
Q

Treatment goals for JIA?

A
  • Relieve pain/inflammation
  • Prevent contractures
  • Provide social/emotional support
59
Q

One of the tx for JIA is to suppress the immune system.

What are the key points to keep in mind here?

A
  • May increase the risk for infection as result
  • Latent TB may flare up
60
Q

What is Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)?

A
  • an autoimmune disease in which the immune system attacks its own tissues, causing widespread inflammation and tissue damage in the affected organs.
  • It can affect the joints, skin, brain, lungs, kidneys, and blood vessels.
61
Q

S/S of SLE?

A
  • Fever
  • Fatigue
  • BUTTERFLY RASH ON FACE
62
Q

SLE can have issues w/ Raynaud’s Disease.

Explain the issue.

A
  • Raynaud’s is a condition that causes vasoconstriction in the fingers and toes
  • This will cause perfusion issues at those sites
  • This is an issue as the O2Sat will be missleading
    • The perfusion is not systemic, just not in the fingers in toes
63
Q

General SLE tx?

A
  • Supportive care for inflammation
  • Medications
  • Nutrition, rest, exercise
  • LIMIT UV LIGHT EXPOSURE
64
Q

What is SCID?

A
  • Severe Combined Immune Deficiency
  • “Bubble Boy Disease”
  • NO immune system at all
  • Can be fixed by bone transplant

PEDS Unit 3 (9 decks)

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