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PEDS Unit 3 > Infectious Disease and Immunizations > Flashcards

Infectious Disease and Immunizations Flashcards

1
Q

What is Measles and how is it spread?

A
  • AKA Rubeola
  • Caused by Morbillivirus
  • It is airborne
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2
Q

What are the s/s of Measles?

A
  • cough,
  • fever
  • VERY runny nose
  • red eyes,
  • rash hairline to feet,
  • Koplik spots
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3
Q

What are the complications (conditions) that can arise from Measles?

A
  • Pneumonia (1:20 infected aquire it)
  • Encephalitis
  • Death
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4
Q

What is parotitis?

A

Swollen salivary glands

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5
Q

What is Mumps and how is it spread?

A
  • Epidemic parotitis caused by Mumps virus
  • It is droplet
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6
Q

What are the s/s of Mumps?

A
  • Fever
  • Headache
  • swollen cheeks/jaw
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7
Q

What are the complications that can arise from a Mumps infection?

A
  • Meningitis (occurs in 1:10)
  • Encephalitis (causes deafness)
  • Testicular swelling (can cause permanent damage)
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8
Q

What is diphtheria and how is it transmitted?

A
  • an acute, highly contagious bacterial disease causing inflammation of the mucous membranes, formation of a false membrane in the throat that hinders breathing and swallowing, and potentially fatal heart and nerve damage by a bacterial toxin in the blood
  • contact, droplet transmission
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9
Q

S/S of Diphtheria

A
  • can be asymptomatic
  • sore throat,
  • fever,
  • difficulty swallowing
  • DEAD TISSUE ON TONSILS
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10
Q

What complications can arise from Diphtheria?

A
  • suffocation,
  • paralysis,
  • death,
  • endocarditis,
  • neuropathy
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11
Q

What is Tetanus?

A
  • A reaction to clostridium tetani which produces a toxin and releases it into the body
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12
Q

How is Tetanus acquired?

A
  • It enters the body through a skin puncture of an inanimate object (ex. rusty nail)
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13
Q

What does Tetanus do?

A
  • It causes progressively worse contractures so tense they can break bones and cause respiratory failure and death
  • 2:10 that acquire it will die
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14
Q

What is Pertussis?

A
  • also known as whooping cough, is a highly contagious respiratory disease caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis.
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15
Q

S/S of Pertussis?

A
  • Uncontrollable, violent coughing which often makes it hard to breathe
  • Sensation is like post nasal drip
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16
Q

How is Pertussis transmitted?

A
  • Contact, Droplet
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17
Q

What is the pathophysiology of a Pertussis infection from transmission to cough symptoms?

A

Droplet, direct contact

Bacteria

↓

Invade cilia

↓

Paralyze cilia + Inflammatory response

↓

Inability to Clear Secretions

The signature “whooping cough is born”

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18
Q

Do you have to intubate for Pertussis

A

You may, if oxygenation is poor until inflammation passes

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19
Q

How does Pertussis progress?

A
  • Cold type symptoms progress to
  • “whooping” cough then goes to
  • Gradual resolution
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20
Q

What are two potential complications of Pertussis?

A
  • Bacterial pneumonia
  • Neurological d/t hypoxia
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21
Q

For dx of Pertussis, what indicates a positive result regarding WBCs?

A

WBC w/ lympocytosis > 20,000

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22
Q

Treatment for Pertussis?

A
  • ABX (Erythromycin)
  • Supportive
  • Tx household contacts (family)
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23
Q

True or False

Infants can’t get pertussis vaccine until they are 12 months old.

A

False

They can’t get it until they are SIX months old.

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24
Q

What is the method of transmission for Polio?

A

Fecal-Oral

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25
What is Polio?
A disabling and life-threatening disease caused by the poliovirus. The virus spreads from person to person and can infect a person's spinal cord, causing paralysis.
26
S/S of Polio?
* fever, * HA, * muscle spasm, * paralysis
27
Complications of Polio?
* Respiratory * can lead to death if paralysis affects the ability to breathe * long-term paralysis
28
Describe expression of paralysis in Polio.
* Can affect anything from just the limbs to full body
29
True or False A child may recover from polio, but have long term effects present, like a limp, etc.
True
30
Treatment for Polio...
Preventative via Vaccine
31
What is chickenpox? Method of transmission? S/S? Tx?
* a highly contagious disease caused by the initial infection with varicella zoster virus (VZV). * Transmission * Contact, Droplet, Airborne * S/S * The disease results in a characteristic skin rash that forms small, itchy blisters, which eventually scab over * Fever, sore throat * Tx = Varicella zostter Vaccine
32
Meningitis can progress into...
Meningococcemia
33
What is Meningococcemia?
* a severe form of blood poisoning that affects the entire body and can lead to sepsis * 40% death rate for those who acquire
34
What precautions are put in place for a pt w/ meningococemia?
droplet
35
How is Meningococemia treated and is it preventable?
* Once dx'd, abx STAT * It can be prevented with a meningococcal vaccine, rec'd in adolescence
36
What can be done w/ a pt that has sepsis?
* Treat the underlying cause stat * Supportive care until that is done
37
What are all the key points of Fifth Disease?
* mild rash illness caused by parvovirus * s/s: flu-like followed by “slapped face” rash and circumoral pallor; swollen or painful joints * Common, short term, not horrible * Just REALLY worried about it w/ pregnant mom as it can cause fetal death
38
What is Mono? How is it transmitted? S/S? Tx?
* Basically a cold on steroids that could last a couple of months - common to adolescents * Transmitted by saliva. * Symptoms include EXTREME fatigue, fever, rash, and swollen glands. * Treatment involves rest, fluids, and over-the-counter pain and fever-reducing medicines to ease symptoms.
39
How does Mono affect the spleen and what is the pt education regarding it?
* Can have enlarged spleen for two months afterward * No sports as you can get injured in abdomen and rupture spleen
40
What is Rotavirus?
* Rotavirus is a virus that causes diarrhea and other intestinal symptoms. * Most common cause of diarrhea in children \<5yrs * By 5 years of age nearly 100% children have had it.
41
S/S of Rotavirus?
* 3-8 days of fever, vomiting, diarrhea
42
What are the key points regarding hydration and Rotavirus?
* Continuous spouting of watery diarrhea * Massive dehydration - cause of death * Proper hydration will enable this to be self limiting
43
True or False Rotavirus does not have a vaccine and there is no partial immunity after infection.
False There is a vaccine and there is partial immunity after infection
44
Key points for Tuberculosis?
* Airborne * Dx in Peds is difficult * Kids don't cough up sputum like adults do * TB skin test is key indicator
45
What kiddos are at risk for TB?
* Exposure to adult with active TB * HIV increases risk * Born in country with high incidence * Crowded communities; trapped indoors (winter)
46
Key points for Covid in kids?
* Occurs about 4 weeks after COVID-19 exposure, an immune response to the virus * Overactive immune response * Also called Pediatric Inflammatory Multisystem Syndrome (PIMS) * Treatable with anti-inflammatories to bring down the swelling and reduce negative fx, O2 supplementation, etc
47
Key points for the effect of Covid on kids?
* Keep in mind how C19 may have effected each child * Kids may be hindered development wise * Teens are trying to become more independent from parents - instead they were stuck w/ them, etc
48
Due to the lockdown, what aspects do we need to evaluate for kids?
How it has affected them * Socially * Educationally * Emotionally * Nutritionally * Physically
49
What is our general management of infectious/communicable diseases?
* Specific treatment * Prevent spread * Prevent complications * Manage fever
50
What is a simple reason people should get vaccinated?
Comparing that vaccine risk to disease risks clearly shows the risks of getting/not getting vax'd
51
What are some contraindications to immunizations?
* Severe febrile illness * Recent administration of immune globulin (IVIG) * Altered immunity * Severe pertussis reaction * Hypersensitivity to the immunization or preservative
52
Key points for giving immunizations?
* Vax req's CONSENT * Safe to give several at same visit * 2 injections/different site but same limb OK * Minor illness/low grade Temp OK * Recent exposure infectious disease OK * But w/out s/s * Hx local reaction or family member reaction OK * If 1 kid had a reaction, its still ok for a different kid in the family
53
What are autoimmune diseases?
Diseases that cause the body's immune system to attack itself
54
What is the general tx for autoimmune disorders?
* Identify and avoid triggers * Suppress the immune systems
55
What are the two autoimmune disorders in children we need to know?
1. Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA) 2. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
56
Key points for JIA?
* A swelling of the synovial membranes of joints. Can be 1 or multiple * Exercise can make it worse * Most common pediatric connective tissue disease * Twice as many girls as boys are affected * We don't know cause (idiopathic) * Wake up very achy, s/s worse in morning * Can outgrow this by 16yrs * Tx is tor reduce the immune reaction
57
JIA dx key points?
* Onset \< 16 years old (peak onset is 1-3 years of age) * Lasts more than 6 weeks * No other causes of the inflammation * Arthritis in \<4 joints in 50% of cases
58
Treatment goals for JIA?
* Relieve pain/inflammation * Prevent contractures * Provide social/emotional support
59
One of the tx for JIA is to suppress the immune system. What are the key points to keep in mind here?
* May increase the risk for infection as result * Latent TB may flare up
60
What is Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)?
* an autoimmune disease in which the immune system attacks its own tissues, causing widespread inflammation and tissue damage in the affected organs. * It can affect the joints, skin, brain, lungs, kidneys, and blood vessels.
61
S/S of SLE?
* Fever * Fatigue * **BUTTERFLY RASH ON FACE**
62
SLE can have issues w/ Raynaud's Disease. Explain the issue.
* Raynaud's is a condition that causes vasoconstriction in the fingers and toes * This will cause perfusion issues at those sites * This is an issue as the O2Sat will be missleading * The perfusion is not systemic, just not in the fingers in toes
63
General SLE tx?
* Supportive care for inflammation * Medications * Nutrition, rest, exercise * **LIMIT UV LIGHT EXPOSURE**
64
What is SCID?
* Severe Combined Immune Deficiency * “Bubble Boy Disease” * NO immune system at all * Can be fixed by bone transplant

PEDS Unit 3 (9 decks)

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