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SAM 1 > Infectious Disease > Flashcards

Infectious Disease Flashcards

1
Q

Is Salmonella is gram - or gram +?

A

Gram -

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2
Q

How is Salmonella transmitted?

A

raw chicken contaminating food or water

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3
Q

What are clinical signs for Salmonella?

A

V/D+, HEMATOCHEZIA, +/- neutropenia

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4
Q

How is Salmonella diagnosed?

A

Fecal culture and clinical signs

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5
Q

Does a negative culture rule out Salmonella infection?

A

No, and positive isolation does not mean it’s Salmonella

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6
Q

How do we treat Salmonella?

A

if minimal signs/asymptomatic - no treatment, in severe cases - iv fluids and abx

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7
Q

Is Campylobacter gram - or gram +?

A

gram -

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8
Q

Can dogs and cats be asymptomatic carriers of campylobacter?

A

yes

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9
Q

What are clinical signs of Campylobacter?

A

large intestine diarrhea- mucous, TENESMUS, hematochezia

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10
Q

How do you diagnose Campylobacter?

A

fecal smear on microscope (gull wing shaped)
fecal culture
PCR

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11
Q

What will you see on fecal smear of campylobacter?

A

gull wing shaped bacteria

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12
Q

How do you treat Campylobacter infection?

A

abx - erythromycin, chloramphenicol, enrofloxacin

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13
Q

Is Helicobacter gram - or + ?

A

gram -

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14
Q

How does Helicobacter survive in low pH?

A

Lives in the stomach and produces high levels of urease to survive

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15
Q

What are clinical signs of Helicobacter?

A

May or not cause chronic gastritis

SMALL INTESTINE D+

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16
Q

How is Helicobacter diagnosed?

A

Histological evaluation of gastric biopsies
PCR on gastric samples
culture is too difficult to grow

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17
Q

What is the treatment for Helicobacter?

A

triple therapy - 2 antibiotics and an anti-acid

usually amoxi, metro and omeprazole/famotidine

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18
Q

What kind of bacteria is Brucella?

A

gram - aerobic

19
Q

Does Helicobacter affect cats?

A

no, they are resistant to infection, only affects dogs

20
Q

What are some clinical signs of Brucellosis?

A

Swollen testicles
lymphadenopathy, transient fevers, seizures
EYE issues - chorioretinitis, optic neuritis, anterior uvetitis
discospondylitis

21
Q

does Brucella affect females or males more?

A

males

22
Q

How can you diagnose Brucellosis?

A

serology - rapid slide agglutination or tube agglutination test
ELISA
PCR

23
Q

What is the treatment for Brucellosis?

A

very difficult to eradicate
need to sterilize all infected animals
multi-antibiotic regimen - around 4 weeks

24
Q

About how long is antibiotic treatment for Brucellosis?

A

around 4 weeks

25
Q

After treatment for Brucellosis, when do you retest?

A

6-9 months after treatment

26
Q

How long can Brucella titers stay positive?

A

up to 3 years

27
Q

Which bacteria are associated with sulfur granules?

A

nocardia

28
Q

What bacteria is associated with anaerobic infections?

A

actinomyces

29
Q

How do you differentiate between Actinomyces and Nocardia?

A

cytology and culture

30
Q

How do you treat Nocardia?

A

abx - trimethoprim sulphonamides

treat for 6 weeks

31
Q

How do you treat Actinomyces?

A

abx - penicillins

treat 4 weeks post resolution

32
Q

What is the vector for Borrelia burgdorferi?

A

Ixodes spp.

33
Q

How long does it take for the host to become infected once tick engorges?

A

48-50 hours post attachment

34
Q

How long does it take for clinical signs to develop after Borrelia infection?

A

2-5 months post exposure

35
Q

What are the two proteins Borrelia has?

A

Outer surface protein A and outer surface protein C

36
Q

Which protein from Borrelia helps the bacterium adhere to the midgut of infected ticks?

A

Osp A

37
Q

What does Osp C in Borrelia do?

A

with warmth of new environment, skin surface temperature of the host

38
Q

How does Borrelia evade the hosts immune defenses ?

A

usually found extracellularly in joints, fibroblasts, astrocytes and can survive long periods of time
can morph from spiral shape to spherical shape to survive

39
Q

What percentages of dogs do not develop clinical signs form Borrelia?

A

90-95% of exposed dogs do not develop clinical signs

40
Q

What are the clinical signs for Borrelia?

A

fever, lymphadenopathy, POLYARTHRITIS, meningitis, protein-loosing glomerulopathy, arthritis, myocarditis

41
Q

Is there a pathognomonic test for Borrelia infection?

A

no

42
Q

How do you diagnose Borrelia infection?

A

serology for antibodies against Borrelia and antibodies to outer surface protein C6 - 4Dx snap test

43
Q

Who do we treat for Borrelia?

A

dogs that test positive on C6 snap test AND has clinical signs
dogs that test positive but show no clinical signs should not be treated

44
Q

If a dog tests positive for Borrelia, what other test should you perform?

A

you should test for proteinuria, if UPC is elevated you should then treat for lyme

SAM 1 (2 decks)

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