Infectious Disease

Question 1

zoonotic infection

Answer 1

diseases that can be transmitted from animals to humans vice versa. Zoon means animal, nosos means disease

Question 2

zoonotic infection impact on humans

Answer 2

high morbidity/mortality in effected regions, endemics, economic loss

Question 3

reservoir

Answer 3

non-human animal species that maintains the infection

Question 4

vector

Answer 4

transmits pathogen from reservoir to other animals (can also be reservoirs)

Question 5

stages of malaria transmission

Answer 5

Stages of transmission include bite from infected female mosquito and then the infection goes into the liver…to the red blood cells…asexual reproduction…after 3-4 life cycles it becomes sexual (male and female) and then the mosquitoes get it when they bite a human that has the infection. Some types of malaria stay in liver cells, some do not (they pass through)

Question 6

when do malaria symptoms show

Answer 6

7-18 days after bite, when infection gets to red blood cells

Question 7

malaria prevention efforts

Answer 7

long clothing, LLINs, indoor residual spraying, antimalarial drugs for pregnant women and children, medication at liver infection phase, vaccine, genetically modifying mosquitoes

Question 8

how does the malaria vaccine work

Answer 8

targeting transmission by blocking the development of parasites in mosquitos, targeting disease by inhibiting the multiplication of blood stage parasites, prevents infection by killing sporozoites and liver stage schizonts

Question 9

how does genetically modifying mosquitoes help prevent malaria

Answer 9

making more male, since female mosquitos are the ones responsible for diseases

Question 10

malaria that kills

Answer 10

P falciparum

Question 11

malaria that relapses (2)

Answer 11

P vivax and P ovale

Question 12

malaria that lingers

Answer 12

P malariae

Question 13

new malaria

Answer 13

P knowlesi

Question 14

There are about 3.2 billion people are at risk for malaria. In 2016 there were 216 million malaria cases and 445,000 malaria deaths- Mostly in Africa and ____ (90% of cases and 91% of deaths)

Answer 14

India

Question 15

___ is still used in Africa because it is highly effective to control Malaria. Unfortunately, it is bad for the environment in that chemicals used in DDT can kill wildlife such as fish and birds as well as contaminate water sources.

Answer 15

DDT

Question 16

pros of malaria surveillance

Answer 16

entails tracking the disease and acting based on the data received

Question 17

cons of malaria surveillance

Answer 17

many countries that have high malaria rates have weak surveillance systems

Question 18

pros of malaria drug development

Answer 18

effective prevention for travelers

Question 19

cons of malaria drug development

Answer 19

not available to everyone effected due to high cost, so it is usually only provided to pregnant women and young children in high or moderately effected areas. Also, resistance is a problem.

Question 20

pros of malaria spraying

Answer 20

effective in controlling malaria

Question 21

cons of malaria spraying

Answer 21

bad for environment

Question 22

pros of malaria vaccine

Answer 22

provides partial protection and can possibly reduce the prevalence of malaria, it is new science that is to be piloted starting 2018

Question 23

cons of malaria vaccine

Answer 23

only provides partial protection, and it is not widespread yet in Africa

Question 24

pros of ITNs

Answer 24

cost effective, easy to distribute and use, highly available

Question 25

cons of ITNs

Answer 25

often used inappropriately (e.g. for fishing), or not maintained

Question 26

pesticide that consisted of aldrin and dieldrin, banned in 1972 due to its dangerous nature for birth defects, but it was good at preventing malaria

Answer 26

DDT

Question 27

Now, a far less persistent insecticide, ______, is used for mosquitoes most commonly in the US

Answer 27

Malathion

Question 28

How pesticides can affect environment

Answer 28

contaminate soils, water, vegetation. It can also harm other harmless organisms such as birds, fish, plants