Infectious Disease Flashcards
zoonotic infection
diseases that can be transmitted from animals to humans vice versa. Zoon means animal, nosos means disease
zoonotic infection impact on humans
high morbidity/mortality in effected regions, endemics, economic loss
reservoir
non-human animal species that maintains the infection
vector
transmits pathogen from reservoir to other animals (can also be reservoirs)
stages of malaria transmission
Stages of transmission include bite from infected female mosquito and then the infection goes into the liver…to the red blood cells…asexual reproduction…after 3-4 life cycles it becomes sexual (male and female) and then the mosquitoes get it when they bite a human that has the infection. Some types of malaria stay in liver cells, some do not (they pass through)
when do malaria symptoms show
7-18 days after bite, when infection gets to red blood cells
malaria prevention efforts
long clothing, LLINs, indoor residual spraying, antimalarial drugs for pregnant women and children, medication at liver infection phase, vaccine, genetically modifying mosquitoes
how does the malaria vaccine work
targeting transmission by blocking the development of parasites in mosquitos, targeting disease by inhibiting the multiplication of blood stage parasites, prevents infection by killing sporozoites and liver stage schizonts
how does genetically modifying mosquitoes help prevent malaria
making more male, since female mosquitos are the ones responsible for diseases
malaria that kills
P falciparum
malaria that relapses (2)
P vivax and P ovale
malaria that lingers
P malariae
new malaria
P knowlesi
There are about 3.2 billion people are at risk for malaria. In 2016 there were 216 million malaria cases and 445,000 malaria deaths- Mostly in Africa and ____ (90% of cases and 91% of deaths)
India
___ is still used in Africa because it is highly effective to control Malaria. Unfortunately, it is bad for the environment in that chemicals used in DDT can kill wildlife such as fish and birds as well as contaminate water sources.
DDT
pros of malaria surveillance
entails tracking the disease and acting based on the data received
cons of malaria surveillance
many countries that have high malaria rates have weak surveillance systems
pros of malaria drug development
effective prevention for travelers
cons of malaria drug development
not available to everyone effected due to high cost, so it is usually only provided to pregnant women and young children in high or moderately effected areas. Also, resistance is a problem.
pros of malaria spraying
effective in controlling malaria
cons of malaria spraying
bad for environment
pros of malaria vaccine
provides partial protection and can possibly reduce the prevalence of malaria, it is new science that is to be piloted starting 2018
cons of malaria vaccine
only provides partial protection, and it is not widespread yet in Africa
pros of ITNs
cost effective, easy to distribute and use, highly available
cons of ITNs
often used inappropriately (e.g. for fishing), or not maintained
pesticide that consisted of aldrin and dieldrin, banned in 1972 due to its dangerous nature for birth defects, but it was good at preventing malaria
DDT
Now, a far less persistent insecticide, ______, is used for mosquitoes most commonly in the US
Malathion
How pesticides can affect environment
contaminate soils, water, vegetation. It can also harm other harmless organisms such as birds, fish, plants
